CLASSIFICATION Ivii 



to modem genera. Lamarck did not intend his list to be 

 precise, or indeed do more than give a general idea of the 

 extent of the animal kingdom. Hence his use of trivial 

 names. In order to find out what animals he meant by 

 these names, I have in the case of invertebrates referred to 

 each one in Lamarck's later work, Animaux sans Vertèbres, 

 second edition, 11 vols., where the French name is almost 

 always given in conjunction with the Latin name. For 

 vertebrates I have used Duméril's Zoologie Analytique, 

 1806. In a few cases, I have traced the meaning through 

 Cuvier's Règne Animal, or through the Encyclopédie Méthod- 

 ique, 196 vols., 1782-1832, to which Lamarck himself con- 

 tributed. Having ascertained to what genus Lamarck 

 refers, I have translated it by the current English name, 

 where there is one, so as to preserve the resemblance to the 

 French original. In other cases, I have employed the Latin 

 generic name to which Lamarck's French name was intended 

 to correspond. As I have already said, it often corresponds 

 to no genus now recognised, as, for instance, the "Pongo " ; 

 in other cases it much more resembles a family than a genus. 

 Readers must not therefore expect to find any precision in 

 this classification that would satisfy modern standards. 

 The names are often not precise enough to designate clearly 

 any particular group, and the groups themselves are often 

 similarly vague and undetermined, or even altogether 

 mythical. As an instance, let me take Lamarck's genus 

 " fasciole," belonging to the order of " flat worms." I find 

 that the generic name which he intended to suggest was 

 " Fasciola," and I find further that this was a genus 

 founded by Linnaeus, and appHed by him to three different 

 animals, the liver-fluke, a cestode, and a triclad, which he 

 confused together, on account of a superficial resemblance. 

 Lamarck's first class is that of infusorians, with its two 

 orders of naked and appendiculate infusorians. The former 

 mainly correspond to our Protozoa : the latter includes 

 Cercaria, now known to be a larval form of trematodes. 

 Lamarck also regarded the human spermatozoon as an 



