PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOOIQUE xxv 



the same, and indeed that the more modern word superseded 

 the older, in correspondence with the growth of a more 

 correct theory of the process indicated. But as a general 

 rule, Lamarck does not intend the word " génération " to 

 imply any theory excluded by the word " reproduction " : 

 to translate it by " generation " would at the present day 

 carry suggestions which are irrelevant to his issue, and be 

 more confusing than the name which has now become 

 familiar. But of course where he does intend it to carry a 

 connotation, not borne by the word " reproduction," I have 

 translated it accordingly. 



Other difficulties arise from the need for expressing the 

 forgotten concepts of a century ago in a language adapted 

 for the conveyance of the concepts of to-day. Lamarck's 

 concept embodied in the French word distribution long ago 

 became extinct ; the word itself has since come to be utilised 

 for a wholly different purpose, with geographical connota- 

 tions : its extinct meaning has now to be expressed by a 

 periphrasis or some other single word, intrinsically less suit- 

 able, but more comprehensible. In other cases, a certain 

 alliteration in the original has to be sacrificed for the sake 

 of clearness. It would be impossible to translate " parties 

 de l'art " as " parts of the art " ; for few biologists would 

 guess what the part of an art might be. 



The Zoological Philosophy is divided into three parts, the 

 first of which is devoted to zoology, the second to physiology, 

 and the third to psychology, using these three terms in their 

 modern sense. I shall now proceed without further pre- 

 liminaries to a description of Lamarck's doctrines on these 

 subjects. 



§ 3. Zoology. 



The first doctrine set forth by Lamarck is that animals 

 in nature are arranged in a " natural order," to discover 

 which is the duty of the systematic zoologist. Lamarck 

 held that if all living species of animals were known, they 

 would be found to fall into a linear series, exhibiting a few 



