356 ZOOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY 



But the inner feeling, which only becomes a power when moved by a 

 physical cause, acquires its emotions by two very different routes : 

 in animals which have no organ for the will, the inner feeling can only 

 be moved by means of sensations ; whereas in those which have an 

 organ for intelhgence, the emotions of the inner feeUng may either be 

 the exclusive result of sensations, or that of a will born from an operation 

 of the understanding. 



Hence we have three distinct sources for the actions of animals, 

 viz. : (1) The external causes which excite the irritability of animals ; 

 (2) the inner feeling moved by sensations ; (3) the inner feeUng 

 moved by the will. 



The actions or movements arising from the first of these three sources 

 take place without the intermediary of muscles ; for the muscular 

 system does not exist in animals of this character ; and when it begins 

 to be developed, excitations from without still take the place of the 

 non-existent inner feehng ; but the actions or movements which 

 originate from the emotions of the individual's inner feehng are only 

 carried out through the intermediary of muscles excited by nervous 

 fluid. 



Thus when the will determines an individual towards some action, 

 its inner feehng promptly receives an emotion, and the resulting move- 

 ments are directed in such a way that the nervous fluid is immediately 

 dispatched to the required muscles. 



As to the animals which are endowed with physical sensibility, 

 while yet possessing no organ for intelhgence, and which therefore 

 cannot carry out any act of will, their needs always result from some 

 sensation, that is, from some perception that makes itself felt and not 

 from any idea or judgment ; and this need or perception immediately 

 affects the individual's inner feehng. From this it follows that these 

 animals, before acting, do not dehberate or form a judgment, and come 

 to no prehminary determination. Their inner feehng is directly 

 stirred by the need, and its movements are thereafter controlled by the 

 nature of this need, so that it promptly puts in action those parts which 

 have to move. The actions therefore which arise from this source 

 are not preceded by a true will. 



Whereas this is a necessity in the case of the animals under con- 

 sideration, it is still the most frequent factor in those that are 

 endowed with intellectual faculties ; for nearly all the needs of these 

 latter are due to sensations, which revive certain habits and thus 

 immediately stir the inner feehng, causing these animals to act 

 without any previous thought. Even man carries out actions of 

 this character when the needs which prompt them are pressing. If, 

 for instance, you absent-mindedly take up a piece of iron which 



