Theories and Experiments 229 



rather uncomfortable sensation, which disappears as equilibrium is 

 reestablished; 



2. Respiration is hampered: the inspirations are short and fre- 

 quent after 15 or 20 minutes. A true dyspnea follows this difficulty 

 in breathing; 



3. The pulse is full, easily depressed, frequent; all kinds of super- 

 ficial vessels are in a state of manifest turgescence. The eyelids and 

 the lips are distended by the superabundance of fluids. Not infre- 

 quently hemorrhages occur, with a tendency to syncope. The skin is 

 the seat of distressing heat and its functions are increased; 



4. The slackened formation of blood, the expansion, more or less 

 great, of the gases which circulate with the blood, and the super- 

 abundance of this liquid in the different classes of superficial vessels, 

 explain well enough the failure of innervation which is characterized 

 by lack of energy and a complete apathy; 



5. The salivary and renal glands secrete their fluids less abun- 

 dantly, and this effect seems to extend over the whole glandular 

 system; 



6. The weight of the body seems to diminish perceptibly. 



The memoir ends with the description of the large cupping- 

 glasses and of some pathological cases treated with them. To the 

 application of this method of treatment, to which he has given the 

 name of hcmospasie, M. Junod has devoted his efforts since that 

 time. 53 It really has no connection with our subject, since it con- 

 cerns a rupture of the equilibrium of pressure between different 

 points on the body, by the application of a partial vacuum on one 

 or several members. Magendie first made this evident in the re- 

 port 54 which he was requested to present to the Academy of Sci- 

 ences upon the work of M. Junod. 



The celebrated physiologist first reviews the history of cupping- 

 glasses, which date from the time of the Egyptians, and passes to 

 the barometric chambers of M. Junod by a transition which shows 

 that, in spite of himself, he still compares them with these cup- 

 ping-glasses: 



These apparatuses (he says, in fact) were constructed with the 

 purpose of varying, upward or downward, the pressure which the 

 body of man sustains through the extent of its cutaneous and pulmo- 

 nary surfaces . . . 



It is by acting upon the two surfaces at the same time that this 

 apparatus differs from those which were devised in England by MM. 

 Murray and Clanny; these apparatuses last mentioned act exclusively 

 upon the skin, the lungs having free communication with the outer air, 

 through a separate tube. 65 



Then, to come to the part of M. Junod's work which has some 

 interest for us, Magendie quotes the report of the phenomena pre- 



