CHAPTER LV 



Cingulate, posterior orbital, anterior 

 insular and temporal pole cortex 



BIRGEK R. KAADA | Anatomicd Institute, University oj Oslo, Oslo, Norway 



CHAPTER CONTENTS 



Introduction 



Some General Anatomical Considerations 

 Effects of Stimulation 

 Somatomotor Responses 



Inhibition of respiratory movements 



Acceleration of respiratory movements 



Effects on spontaneous, cortically and reflexly induced 



movements and muscular tone 

 Tonic and clonic movements 



Vocalization, chewing, licking and swallowing move- 

 ments 

 Autonomic Responses 



Cardiovascular alterations 

 Gastric motility 

 Pupillary responses 

 Other autonomic responses 

 Behavioral Responses 

 Effects on Electrocortical Activity 

 'Activation' or 'arousal' response 

 Burst augmentation 

 Electrical after-discharges 

 Other electrocorticographic effects 

 Effects of Ablation 



Anterior Cingular Region 

 Posterior Orbital Cortex 

 Anterior Temporal Region 

 Physiological Significance 

 Olfaction 



Visceral Functions 

 Emotion 

 'Attention' or 'Arousal' Response 



INTRODUCTION 



CONSIDERABLE INTEREST IN THE coitical arcas discusscd 

 in this chapter has been provoked lay the suggestion 



that they serve autonomic and emotional rather than 

 olfactory functions. The possible role of these regions 

 in the effects obtained in the surgical treatment of 

 psychiatric disorders by interference with frontal and 

 anterior temporal structures and the frequent occur- 

 rence of epileptogenic discharges in the anterior 

 temporal region have provided a remarkable impetus 

 for clinical and neurophysiological investigation of 

 this portion of the brain. Reviews of these studies have 

 been written by Fulton (74-76), MacLean (162-164), 

 Kaada (126, 127), Gastaut (83), Dell (55), Kluver 

 (140), Pool (197), Pribram & Kruger (202) and 

 Gloor (92). 



SOME GENERAL ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS 



On the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, 

 the rostral brain stem and the interhemispheric com- 

 missures are surrounded by a great arcuate convolu- 

 tion, the dorsal and ventral halves of which are the 

 cingulate (limbic) and hippocampal g>Ti (figs. 1,2). 

 The foriner surmounts the corpus callosum and can, 

 in most maiumals, be traced beneath the genu of the 

 corpus callosum as the subcallosal gyrus to the ol- 

 factory tubercle. In primates the cingulate and hippo- 

 campal gyri are clearly demarcated by the cingulate 

 sulcus and the rhinal fissure respectively. 



Varying terminology has been applied to this part 

 of the brain. In agreement with the approved interna- 

 tional anatomical nomenclature (37, 243) and with 

 most recent authors, the term cingulate gyrus is here 

 preferred for the dorsal half of the arch. This has also 

 been spoken of as the limbic (22, 209, 260, 261) or 

 fornicate gyrus (34, 35)- Finally the entire two 



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