87. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, FUNCTIONS: ANIMALS (Concluded) 



The functions listed in the table require the specific elements noted. In addition, carbon, hy- 

 drogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur are required for the functions of synthesis of 

 structural proteins, caxbohydrates , fats emd other organic compounis, and for formation of end 

 products of metabolism. 



Element 



TaT 



Ingestion and 

 Absorption 



HI 



Distribution 



JcL 



Function 

 <Dl 



Excretion 



m 



179 

 180 

 L81 

 182 

 183 

 L8it 

 185 

 l86 



Zinc 



Traces present in most 

 foods. Absorbed from 

 gastrointestinal 

 tracts; in lower forms 

 through cell membrane. 



Largest quantities in 

 pancreas, hair, nails, 

 bone. Very large con- 

 centrations in certELln 

 oysters and in herring. 



Prosthetic group of car- 

 bonic anhydrase. Indis- 

 pensable for nutrition 

 of growing rat. Also 

 required by adult for 

 reproduction. Needed for 

 activation of certain 

 proteinases . 



Mainly by 

 feces. 



88. TRACE ELEMENTS, FUNCTIONS: ANIMALS 



Element 



lEL 



Biologically Impor- 

 tant Compounds or 

 lone 



.^letabolic Role 



Deficiency 

 Manifeetations 



mr 



Toxic 

 Manifestations 



^quantitative Considerations 



Normal Levels or 

 Requirements 



Toxic Levels 



LBl 



HI 



in: 



Icl. 



IC 



Cobalt 



Vitamin 812- 

 Vitamin Bi2a or b. 

 Vitamin Bi2c. 



Growth promotion 



Bl2, chick). 

 Production of la- 

 bile methyl, 

 groups and trans- 



thylation. 

 Synthesis of 

 ribonucleic acid. 



Hemocyanln. 

 Tyrosinase. 

 Ascorbic acid oxi- 

 dase. 



Heraocuprein. 

 Hopatocuprein. 

 Transferrin. 

 Turac in . 



l^L'thargy, wasting, 

 inanition, anemia, 

 fatty liver, death 

 { sheep, cattle) . 

 Addisonian type 

 pernicious anemia 

 (man) . 



Demyelioation: 

 combined system 

 disease (man). 



E'olycythemia (rat 

 and other roamnals, 

 birds, and aiq)bi- 

 bia). 



Death (rat). 

 Degeneration of 

 alpha cells of 

 pancreatic islets. 



5.0 ug vitamin 

 Bi2/day in perni- 

 cious anemia. 



50 mg Co*"*"/kg body 

 wt/day (growth 

 failure In rat) . 



15 



Copper 



2^ 



Respiratory pig- 

 ment (Mollusca 

 and Arthropoda) . 

 Ke r at 1 nl zat 1 on , 

 pigmentation of 

 hair. 



Myellnization of 

 nerve. 



Erythropoiesis . 

 Iron metabolism. 



Achromotrichia and 

 impairment of ker- 

 atin! zatlon. 

 Anemia. 



Hemosiderosis. 

 Cachexia. 

 Inhibition of 

 growth. 

 Ataxia. 



Cardiac deconden- 

 sation. 



Eventually death 

 (all above symptoms 

 observed in cattle 

 and sheep) . 

 Microcytic, hypo- 

 chromic anemia 

 (rabbit, sheen K 



Hemolytic crises. 

 Jaundl ce . 

 Hemoglobinuria . 

 Death (sheep, 

 cattle ) . 



9^ ± 10 ug/100 ml 

 blood (man). 

 2 mg/day, daily 

 requirement (man) . 

 10 mg Cu/day, ac- 

 cording to Mo"*""*" 

 and SOu= In diet 

 ^beep) . 



100 ug Cu/lOO ml 

 blood (sheep, 

 cattle). 



20.50 mg Cu/day 

 causing excess 

 storage, which may 

 result in death 

 (sheep) . 



8.5 mg Cu as chlor- 

 ide, lethal dose 

 ( rabbit ) . 

 200-1*00 g Cu as 

 sxilfate, lethal 

 dose ( cattle ) . 



50 



55 



No evidence that 

 it is essential. 

 Optiimim amount In 

 teeth is associ- 

 ated with resis- 

 tance to caries. 



Acute gastroenti- 1.0-2.0 p. p.m. F' 

 tis, vomiting, in HgO will re- 

 pain, and diarrhea duce carles in 

 (man) . children. 



iMarked fall in 



blood pressure (man). Convulsions. Mottled 

 enamel (man). Osteosclerosis (man). Growth 

 inhibition (rat). Disturbance of ovarian, 

 pituitary, ar^ thyroid function (rat). Phos- 

 phatase inhibition. Esterase Inhibition. 

 Enolase inhibition. 



0*5 g/>tg body wt 

 orally, acute dose 



umnals) . 

 3.0-lt.O p. p.m. F" 

 in H2O (production 

 of mottled enamel 

 rat). 



153 



