89. THE VITAMINS, THEIR FUNCTIONS, SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY AND 

 EXCESS: MAN AND OTHER VERTEBRATES (Continued) 



PAMTOTHENIC ACID 

 (Pantothen; filtrate factor; chick antl-dermatltis factor; chick anti- 

 pellagra factor; factor II; antl-chromotrlchia factor; anti-gray hair factor) 



Required by most or all vertebrates studied. Including calf, dog, fox, guinea pig, hamster, monkey, mouse, svlne, 

 rat, chicken, duck, pigeon, turkey. 



Signs of Deficiency 



Signs of Excess' 



,23 



"TIT 



HE 



HZ 



325 



230 



535 



Grcwth factor for the ani- 

 mals mentioned above. 



As a component of Coenzyme 

 A functions In: enzymatic 

 acetylation; fat, protein, 

 carbohydrate metabolism; 

 phospholipid and steroid 

 synthesis. 

 r 



General: Retarded growth. 



Skin: Specific dermatitis of mouth and feet (Chicken); 



eczematous dermatitis (Rat). 

 Hair: Achromotrlchla (graying) (Monkey, dog, fox, rat, 



mouse); spectacle alopecia (Rat). 

 Tongue: Ulceration (Rat). 

 Neural: Myelin degeneration of peripheral nerves (Chick); 



chromatolysls of dorsal root ganglion cells (Cblck, 



svlne 



100 grams may be given to 

 man intravenously with- 

 out ill effects. 



Neuromuscular: Spastic abnonDalities of hind quarters, abnormal gait, ataxia (Dog, mouse, svlne); convxii- 



slons (Dog). 

 Endocrine glands: Hemorrhagic necrosis of adrenals. 



Exocrine glands: Secretion of red pigment by the Harderian gland ("bloody pigment" — Rat). 

 Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea with bloody stools (Dog); anorexia, diarrhea, colitis (Monkey, svlne); necrosis 



of intestinal epithelium, abscesses folloved by ulceration (Rat). 

 Hematopoiesls: Anemia (Dog, rat, monkey, svlne). 

 Kidney: Necrosis (Rat). 



Liver: Increased deposition of fat (Dog, chick). 

 Other: Burning sensations of hands, feet (Man); collapse associated vlth decreased blood glucose and blood 



chloride; Increased non-protein nitrogen in severe deficiency (Dog); death in severe deficiency. 



PYPIDOXINE (VITAMIN B5) GROUP^^ 

 (Pyrldoxal, pyrldoxamlne, pyridoxine; antl-acrodynla factor; factor Y) 



Required by most or all vertebrates studied, including man; synthesized by intestinal organisms In rat. Require- 

 ment by animals Is increased with increased dietary protein, methionine, linseed oil, sucrose, and apparently de- 

 creased with Increased dietary essential fatty acids, choline, biotln, pantothenic acid, aureoaqycin. The vitamin 

 occurs Icurgely as pyrldoxal in emlmal products and as pyrldoxamlne in plant products. 



Functions^ 



JEL 



Signs of Deficiency 



Tir 



Signs of Excess' 



26 



EL 



2i*0 



?ll5 



?50 



Growth factor (Man, monkey, 

 rat, chicken, duck, 

 turkey ) . 



Functions biocheanlcally, 

 in the form of pyrldoxal 

 phosphate, as coenzyme for 

 transaminase and codecar- 

 boxylase systems, kynurl- 

 nase, cystathionase, serine 

 and threonine dehydrase, 

 cysteine desulfhydrase, 

 and racemizing enzymes; 

 In deamlnatlon of amino 

 acids and the formation 

 of urea nitrogen; In con- 

 version of tryptophan to 

 niacin; In metabolism of 

 (cont'd next page) 



Convulsions 2k hr after 



LD50 "lose (Rat). 

 Daily feeding of 10 mg/kg 



body wei^t for 3 months 



had no effect (Monkey, 



dog, rat). 



General: Retarded growth (Man: infant, monkey, rat, 

 chick); appetite and weight loss, reduced egg produc- 

 tion, death (Chicken). 



Cardlo-vascxilar: Hypochromic anemia (Man: infant); poly- 

 morphonuclear leukocytosis, lymphopenia (Man); hypo- 

 chromic, microcytic anemia with anlsocytosis and irregu- 

 lar retlculocytosls (Dog, swine, monkey, duck, chicken); 

 polkilocytosis (Cattle); dilatation, hypertrophy of 

 right auricle and ventricle; Increased plasma urea and NFN; tachycardia and 

 cardiac embarrassment (Rat); mucus accumulation in thorax (Dog); Impaired 

 antibody production (Rat). 



Neural: Degeneration in myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves and spinal cord 

 (Dog, swine); convulsions, epileptiform fits (Rat, swine, chicken); ataxia 

 (Swine); convulsions (Man: Infant); weakness, nervousness, irritability, 

 insomnia (Man) '. 



Epithelium: Seborrhea-llke lesions about eyes, nose, mouth; cheilosis, glos- 

 sitis, stomatitis (Man^*^); denudation of hair from paws, snout, eartlps, 

 (cont'd next page) 



/22/ Possibly required for prevention of "burning feet" syndrome (Man). /23/ LD50 mouse: orally, 10 g; subcutaneou s ly 

 2.7 g; intraperitoneaily 0.9 g . LD^q rat: subcutaneously 3''* gAg body weight. /2k/ In animals the three forms (pyri- 

 doxine, -al, -amine) are equally active when given by injection, but pyridoxine is the most active when administered 

 orally. /25/ In addition to its use in the treatment or prevention of pyridoxlne-deflciency symptoms, the following 

 therapeutic uses of the vitamin have been noted: treatment of muscular dystrophies associated with pellsigra (Man); 

 hyperemesis gravidarum (nausea of pregnancy); seborrheic dermatitis sicca (Man). /26/ ll>^0 rat: subcutaneously 3 g/k€ 

 body weight; orally k g/kg. /27/ Eight volunteers: deficiency signs produced by ingestion of desoxypyridoxine. 



161 



