144. PHYSIOLOGY OF DYSPNEA 



Dyspnea is defined as breathing associated with effort or distress, including subjective breathlessness and objective 

 evidence of labored breathing. 



Part I: GENERAL CAUSES 



Contributor: Tomashefski, J. F. 



References : [ l] Richards, D. W., Jr., Circulation 7: 

 J. H.. Forster, R. E.. Du Bois, A. B., Briscoe, W. A. 

 1955. [4] Christie, R. V., Quart. J. M. 7j421, 1938. 

 New York: Gruen and Stratton, 1957. 



15, 1953. [2] Means, J. H., Medicine 3^309, 1924. [3] Comroe, 

 , and Carlson, E., "The Limg, " Chicago: Yearbook Publishers, 

 [5] Gordon, B. L., "Clinical Cardiopulmonary Physiology, " 



Part II: MECHANISMS INVOLVED 



Contributor: (a) Tomashefski, J. F. 



References : [ l] Otis, A. B., Physiol. Rev. 34:449, 1954. [2] Fenn. W. O.. Am. J. M. ]£:77, 

 and Whittenberger, J. L., J. Appl. Physiol. 5:779, 1953. [4] Cournand, A., Richards, D. W., 

 Bader, M. E., and Fishman, A. P., Trans. Ass. Am. Physiol. 67:162, 1954. [5] Donald, K. W. 

 A. D., Jr., and Cournand, A., J. Appl. Physiol. 4:497, 1952. [b] Austrian, R.. McClement, J. 

 Riley. R. L., and Cournand, A., Am. J. M. _n:665, 1951. [7] Riley, R. L., and Cournand, A., 

 1949. [8] Riley, R. L., and Cournand, A., ibid 4:78, 1951. [9] Riley, R. L., Cournand, A., 



1951. [3] Mead. J., 

 Jr., Bader, R. A.. , 

 , Riley, R. L., Renzetti, 

 H., Renzetti, A. D., Jr., 

 J. Appl. Physiol. _1^:825, 

 and Donald, K. W., ibid 



4:102, 1951. [ 10] Comroe. J. H., Forster, R. E.. Du Bois, A. B., Briscoe, W. A., and Carlson, E., "The Lung," 

 Chicago: Yearbook Publishers, 1955. [11] Cournand, A., and Richards, D. W.. "Physiologic Derangements of the 

 Respiratory System, "p 416, New York:McGraw-HiIl, 1957. [ 12] Gray, J. S., "Pulmonary Ventilation and Its Physiologic 

 Regulation. " Springfield. Illinois: Thomas. 1950. 



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