BIOLOGY OF THE SEAS OF THE U.S.S.R. 



THE SOUTHERN SEAS OF THE U.S.S.R. 



8. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND 

 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY 353 



I. General characteristics 353 



и. The geological past 354 

 in. Some peculiarities of the development of fauna and 



and flora 367 



9. THE BLACK SEA 380 



I. General characteristics 380 



п. History of the study of the Black Sea 380 



in. Physical geography and hydrology 382 



iv. Flora and fauna 401 



10. THE SEA OF AZOV 465 



i. General characteristics 465 



H. History of exploration 465 

 in. Physical geography, hydrology and hydrochemistry 466 



iv. Flora and fauna 478 



v. Conclusion 526 



vi. The Sivash, or Putrid, Sea 528 



11. THE CASPIAN SEA 538 



I. General characteristics 538 



n. History of exploration 538 

 Ш. Physical geography, hydrology, hydrochemistry 



and geology 539 



IV. Flora and fauna 562 



v. Conclusions 645 



12. THE ARAL SEA 647 



I. General characteristics 647 



n. History of exploration 647 



in. Physical geography 648 



iv. Flora and fauna 657 



