THE WHITE SEA 



181 



Kandalaksha (Rugozerskaya Guba); since 1945 the Biological Station of the 

 Petrozavodsk University has been working at Gridin, and since 1957 the 

 Biological Station of the Karelian Associate Branch of the Academy of 

 Sciences of the u.s.s.r. at Chupa Guba. 



III. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, HYDRO- 

 CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY 



Situation and size 



The White Sea (Fig. 76) is an accessory body of water of the Barents Sea, to 

 which it is connected by a broad sound, projecting far into the mainland. It is 

 bounded by the coordinates 63° 48' to 68° 40' of north latitude and 32° 00' to 

 44° 40' of east longitude. The northern limit of the Sea is taken as being a line 

 joining Sviatoi Nos and Cape Kanin. 



Curren'i 



Fig. 76. Chart of White Sea with depths and currents. 



The White Sea is subdivided into: (7) the funnel-shaped broad (100 to 

 170 km) shallow (20 to 40 to 80 m) outer part of the sound (to the northward 

 of a line from Danilov Island to Voronov Island) ; (2) the Gorlo, the narrow 

 (45 to 60 km), deeper (40 to 100 m) inner part of the sound, running south- 

 ward as far as a line joining Cape Nicodiemsky and Cape Veprevsky ; and (3) 

 the White Sea proper (the basin), consisting of a central part, open sea, and 

 three inlets, the Kandalaksha, Dvina and Onega Gulfs. The area of the whole 

 sea is approximately 90,000 km 2 , with a mean depth of 89 m. On a 

 line from the Gulf of Kandalaksha to the Dvina Gulf the Sea extends for 

 480 km. The considerable freshness of the water of the White Sea is deter- 

 mined by its positive fresh- water balance (V. Timonov, 1950). The annual in- 

 flux from the land composes 185 km 3 , with 19 km 3 of sediment ; evaporation 



