678 BIOLOGY OF THE SEAS OF THE U.S.S.R. 



and assessment of their commercial wealth, began in the 'twenties of the 

 present century with the works of K. Derjugin, P. Schmidt (since 1925) and 

 their collaborators (P. Ushakov, A. Ivanov, N. Tarasov, E. Gurjanova, 

 G. Lindberg, P. Moiseev, G. Ratmanov, A. Taranetz and many others). 

 The organization of the first Pacific Scientific-Industrial Station, and since 

 1929 of the Institute of Scientific Research on Marine Fisheries and Oceano- 

 graphy (t.i.n.r.o.) has been of great significance in the development of further 

 work. The exploration of the Far Eastern Seas was developed on a particu- 

 larly large scale in 1932 and 1933 under the leadership of K. Derjugin and 

 P. Schmidt in connection with the Second International Polar Year. The 

 State Hydrological Institute and the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceano- 

 graphy sent out five research ships (including the Rossinanta, DaVnevostochnik 

 and Gagara) for a thorough survey of the Chukotsk and Bering Seas and the 

 Seas of Okhotsk and Japan. Trawlings down to 3,800 m were carried out and 

 a varied deep-floor fauna was found both in the Sea of Okhotsk and in the 

 Bering Sea as well as in the adjacent part of the Pacific. As a result of this 

 work many aspects of the conditions and biology of the Far Eastern Seas came 

 to light for the first time ; the huge amount of data collected was examined 

 and classified by many workers over a number of years. One of the most 

 important results of this survey was the creation of the Pacific Institute of 

 Fisheries and Oceanography and the further development of its activity in 

 the succeeding 25 years, when two branches were organized on Kamchatka 

 and Sakhalin. Research was done by the Institute, mostly along scientific- 

 industrial lines, but also in the field of general oceanography. Fifty volumes 

 of its Bulletin have since been published. 



The State Hydrological Institute and the Zoological Institute of the 

 Academy of Sciences of the u.s.s.r. continued their research into the Far 

 Eastern Seas during the 27 years since Derjugin's expedition. The most signi- 

 ficant data were obtained by the Kuril-Sakhalin expedition, organized in 

 1947 to 1949 jointly by the Zoological Institute and the Pacific Institute of 

 Fisheries under the leadership of Lindberg. 



Japanese explorers have done much important work on the Seas of Japan 

 and of Okhotsk. One of the biggest Japanese expeditions, headed by a pro- 

 fessor of the Tokyo Institute of Fisheries, X.Marukava, took place from 1915 

 to 1917. It carried out an extensive survey of the hydrology, biology and fish- 

 eries of the Seas of Japan and of Okhotsk. Four ships took part in the expedi- 

 tion. 



The discovery of large feeding aggregations of Far Eastern salmon in the 

 northwestern part of the Pacific and to the southeast of Kamchatka may be 

 considered as a great achievement of Japanese biologists. An important part 

 in the success of this commercial prospecting expedition was the location of 

 areas of very abundant development of plankton, in a region where cold and 

 warm waters — rich feeding grounds for salmon — meet. 



Research on a large scale by the Institute of Sea-weed Research of Hok- 

 kaido University has continued for many years under Professor Yamada, 

 studying commercial sea-weeds in the regions surrounding Hokkaido Island. 



In 1949 the ship Vityaz (Fig. 320) was sent by the Institute of Oceanology 



