58o 



HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



CIRCULATION I 



tion of radioactive krypton (Kr*^) can be infused into 

 the right atrium or into a vein and, after mixing in the 

 right heart, can be sampled in pulmonary arterial 

 blood. It was shown that this substance appears in low 

 concentration in arterial blood and hence returns to 

 the right heart in small and predictable amounts. The 

 pulmonary arterial flow can therefore be calculated 

 from the concentration of indicator in the pulmonary 

 arterial blood (fig. 20). 



A very similar approach has been suggested by Earl 

 Wood's group (36, 37, 48). They had developed, for 

 use in diagnosis of congenital heart di.sease, a dye 

 which can be accurately measured in both arterial 

 and unoxygenaled (venous) blood (35). The dye 

 ("cardio-green") absorbs light at 800 myu, the part of 

 the spectrum at which both reduced and oxygenated 

 hemoglobin have the same absorption. The dye is 



measured with the "infrared" cell of the oximeter, 

 but without compensating for changes in hemoglobin 

 opacity. Using this dye it is possible to infuse it into 

 the pulmonary artery, to record continuously by 

 means of a photoelectric cuvette the concentration of 

 the dye in a systemic artery (e.g., radial) and also to 

 record the dye concentration in the mixed \enous 

 blood as it returns to the right ventricle. This makes 

 it possible to correct for recirculated dye, taking into 

 account transit time, and to calculate the instan- 

 taneous cardiac output. 



These two infusion methods which either minimize 

 recirculation or accoimt for it have the advantage that 

 they do not require a steady state in order to be ap- 

 plicable. They differ in this regard from the other 

 dilution methods described above and are important 

 advances. 



REFERENCES 



1. B.\DER, H. Uber die Bedeutung der Wandmuskulatur 

 fiir die elastischen Eigenschaften des Aortenwindkessels. 

 Ztschr. Biol. 109: 250, 1957. 



2. Baker, D., R. M. Ellis, D. L. Franklin, and R. F. 

 RusHMER. Some engineering aspects of modern cardiac 

 research. Proc. Insi. Radio Engrs. 47: 191 7, 1959. 



3. Bardeen, C. R. Determination of the size of the heart by 

 means of the X-rays. Am. J. Anal. 23; 423, 1918. 



4. Baumann, H., and a. Grollman. Uber die theoretischen 

 und praktischen Grundlagen und die khnische Zuver- 

 lassigkeit der Acetylenmethode zur Bestimmung des 

 Minutenvolumens. Ztschr. klin. Med. 115: 41, 1930. 



5. Bazett, H. C. Observations on changes in the blood 

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6. Bazett, H. C, F. S. Cotton, L. B. Laplace, and J. C. 

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8. Bock, J., and J. Buchholtz. Uber das Minutenvolum 

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Ztschr. BioL 90: 467, 1930. 

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'959- 



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16. Cournand, A. Some aspects of the pulmonary cir- 

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17. Cournand, A., L. Donato, J. Durand, D. F. Rochester, 

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19. Cournand, \., R. L. Riley, S. E. Bradley, E. S. Breed, 

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20. Cournand, A., R. L. Riley, E. S. Breed, E. deF. Bald- 

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