738 



HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



CIRCULATION I 



Anrep effect ; see Ventricles, homeometiic 



autoregulation 

 Aorta 



arch, wall thickness, 88 

 atresia 



characterization, 42 1 



hemodynamics, 475 

 coronary artery flow, 496 

 measurement of size, 556 

 overriding, effect on shunt, 460 

 pressure 



mitral regurgitation and, 665 



stroke work and, 493 



ventricular function cur\es, 495 

 pressure curves 



aortic stenosis and, 444, 658 



mitral regurgitation and, 653, 661 

 pressure pulse, aortic stenosis and, 657 

 pulse, in aortic stenosis, 446 

 pulse pressure, aortic stenosis and, 657 

 resistance, 496 

 tension in walls, 91 

 uptake, pressure and, 559 

 volume and pressure in, 557 

 volume-pressure curve, 92, 93 

 Aortic flow: see Cardiac output 

 Aortic-pulmonary defects 

 aortic stenosis and, 470 

 hemodynamic changes, 452 

 mitral stenosis and, 470 

 pulmonary stenosis and, 470 

 tricuspid stenosis and, 470 

 Aortic regurgitation 



cardiac output and, 448, 662 

 compared with mitral, 660 

 coronary blood flow and, 660 

 diastolic pressure and, 448 

 exercise and, 448, 661 

 hemodynamic changes in, 447 

 localization, with indicator-dilution 



curves, 437 

 mitral insufficiency and, 660 

 norepinephrine and, 660 

 pressure changes and, 659 

 pulse contours in, 448 

 radial pulse wave, 447 

 volume of, 447, 662 

 Aortic stenosis 



aortic insufficiency and, 657 



aortic pressure curves and, 444, 658 



aortic pulse in, 446 



aortic pulse pressure and, 657 



arterial pressure pulse and, 657 



atrial septal defects and, 473 



cardiac output and, 658-659 



central and peripheral pulse contours 



in, 446, 447 

 characteristics of clinical, 658 

 coronary decreased How and, 657 

 differences in man and animals, 657 

 Gorlin formula in, 647 

 heart murmur due to, 716 



hemodynamics and, 444, 446-447 

 myocardial failure and, 659 

 pulmonary aortic defect and, 470 

 valvular compared with sub\alvular, 



447 



ventricular pressure pulse and, 657-658 



ventricular septal defect and, 470 



see also Semilimar vahe; VaKular 

 stenosis 

 Aperia's formula 



for vascular resistance, 428 

 Appearance time (indicator) 



definition, 586 

 Arrythmias 



cardiac excitation and, 315 

 Arterial hypoxemia 



compensatory effects from, 478 



polycythemia and, 478 

 Arterial oxygen saturation 



anomalous pulmonai-y venous connec 

 tions and, 467 



atrial septal defect, pulmonary steno- 

 sis and, 474 



cyanosis and, 476 



exercise and, 478 



factors determining, 467, 477 



in infants, 438 



pulmonary blood flow and, 477 



pulmonary stenosis, 473 



tetralogy of Fallot and, 472 



total anomalous venous connection 

 and, 467 



venoarterial shunts and, 477 



ventricular septal defect, pulmonary 

 stenosis and, 471 

 Arterial pulse contours 



aortic regurgitation, 448 



cardiac output and, 555-558 



central and peripheral, 442, 445, 446, 



447 

 coarctation of aorta and, 442 

 mitral regurgitation and, 450 

 mitral stenosis and, 449 

 pulmonary stenosis and, 451 

 tricuspid stenosis and, 452 

 Arteries 



bed capacity, blood pressure and, 561 



fall of pressure in wall, 1 04 



great, transposition of, 423 



human iliac, tension-length diagrams, 



94 

 measurement of distensibility, 556 

 pressure pulse 



cardiac output and, 555-558 



systolic ejection and, 564 

 pulse wave transmission times, 561 

 tension in walls, 91 

 wall, India rubber and, 112 

 Arterioles 



blood viscosity in, 144 

 critical closing pressure in, 100 

 tension in walls, 91 



Arteriovenous fistula 



heart miuTnurs and, 723 

 Arthropods 



QRS deflection in, 401 

 Atria 



activation, 293 

 activity 



fourth heart sound and, 701 



mitral valve closure and, 5 1 6-5 1 7 

 analysis of two-dimensional electro- 



tonus, 281 

 Ca^» equilibration in, 1 68 

 calcium 



content of, 167 



influx in, 169 

 cardiac autonomic nerve stimulation 



and, 510, 518 

 conduction system, 288 

 conduction to ventricles, 289 

 contraction, mitral valve closure and, 



503 

 distensibility of right and left, 463 

 efferent vagal nerve stimulation and, 



5'4 

 electrotonic potential in, 281 

 excitation 



arrythmias, 293 



A-V, S-A nodes and, 293 



cardiac pacemakers, 292 



fibrillation, 315, 397 



P wa\e and, 294 



pathway of, 291, 293, 350 



repolarization, 294 



T wave and, 294 



theories of, 293 

 fibrillation, heart murmurs and, 718 

 filling \oIumes of, 463 

 heterometric autoregulation, 502, 504 

 interatrial communications, 420 

 isopolentia! contour map, 280 

 mechanical latencies, 384 

 pressure curves, mitral regurgitation 



and, 653 

 pressure pulse, valvular stenosis and, 



649 

 pressures 



in atrial septal defects, 462 



ventricularization of curve, 717 

 pulse pressure, in valvular defects, 



649-655 

 rhythm, special leads for, 346 

 septum, potentials from, 304 

 sympathetic stimulation and, 51 1 

 trabecula, electrical structure, 282 

 transport function, autonomic nerve 



stimulation, 515 

 unipolar recordings from, 292 

 volume 



in valvular defects, 655-657 



valvular stenosis and, 655 

 see also Atrium 

 Atrial septal defects 



aortic stenosis and, 473 



