740 



HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



CIRCULATION I 



marginal sheath and, 145 

 non-Newtonian, 1 41-144 

 origin of flow properties, 147-149 

 Poiseiiille equation, 1 39 

 pressure to flow ratio, 145 

 rate and tracer exchange rate, 618 

 relation of models, 594-596 

 stationarity of, definition, 589 

 transit time of elements, 1 45 

 turbulence. 140 

 wall efl'ect, 145 

 Blood flow measurements 

 exchange rates and, 618 

 in well-defined systems, 585-594 

 radioactive materials and, 577, 640, 641 

 tissue clearance and, 642 

 see also Cardiac output 

 Blood flow, regional 



bronchial, in various diseases, 570 

 cerebral, 640 



in mitral stenosis, 673 



isotopic potassium and, 642 



tracers and, 640 

 hepatic, 640 



in valvular lesions, 672-674 

 muscle, in mitral stenosis, 673 

 myocardial, tracers and, 640 

 peripheral, in valvular lesions, 672-674 

 pulmonary 



age and, 453 



arterial blood oxygen saturation 

 and, 477 



arterial septal defects and, 461 



artery pressure and, 461 



collateral, 472 



in atrial septal defect and pulmo- 

 nary stenosis, 474 



in fetus, 438 



in tetralogy of Fallot, 472 



in total anomalous venous con- 

 nection, 467 



in ventricular septal defect, 453 

 age and, 454 

 and piJmonary stenosis, 47 1 



systemic arterial oxygen saturation 

 and, 468 

 splanchnic, in mitral stenosis, 673 

 see also Coronary blood flow 

 Blood flow, systemic 



in atrial septal defect, 461 



and pulmonary stenosis, 474 

 in coarctation of aorta, 443 

 in tetralogy of Fallot, 472 

 in total anomalous venous connection, 



467 

 in ventricular septal defect, 453 



and pulmonary stenosis, 471 

 see also Cardiac output 

 Blood pressures 



acetylcholine and, 457 



arterial active tension of \ascular 



smooth muscle and, 103 

 arterial hypertension 



in aortic coarctation, theories, 442, 



443 



stroke volume and, 563 

 capacity of arterial bed and, 561 

 in atrial septal defect, 461 



and pulmonary stenosis, 474 

 in heart chambers and vessels, 440 

 in pulmonary stenosis, 474 

 in tetralogy of Fallot, 472 

 in total anomalous venous connection, 



467 

 in ventricular septal defect, 453 



and pulmonary stenosis, 471 

 intrafemoral 



coarctation of aorta and, 441 



normal, 441 

 net volume uptake of arterial tree 



and, 560 

 normal adult, 439 

 ratio of femoral to radial, 441 

 transmission times of, 560 

 see also Pulmonary arterial pressure; 



Radial artery pressure; Venous 



pressure; Pulmonary hypertension 

 Blood vessel walls 



circumferential and longitudinal ten- 

 sion in, 89 

 composition, 86 

 dynamic elasticity and blood viscosity, 



1 18-120 

 flow-pressure ciu-ves of, 93 

 forces in equilibrium at, 87 

 percentage elongation of innermost 



fibers, 105 

 radii of curvature, 88 

 size and composition of, 86 

 tension in, 91, 95 



venules, 91 

 Blood volume 

 age and, 53 



arterial oxygen content and, 54 

 basal metabolic rate and, 52, 54 

 body type and, 53 

 cardiac output and, 55, 60 

 circulatory volume, pressure relation- 

 ships, 59 

 circumstantial factors, 56-57 

 definition, 51 



experimental situations and, 57-58 

 external factors and, 55-56 

 hematopoietic activity and, 60 

 hormone levels, 54 

 in athletes, 53 

 in children, 53 

 in cow, 52 

 in dog, 52 

 in guinea pig, 52 

 in horse 



cold-blooded, 52 



warm-blooded, 52 

 in men, 52, 53 

 in model and real \ascular systems, 



594 



in rabbit, 52 

 in rat, 52 

 in sheep, 52 

 in women, 52, 53 



indicator-dilution methods, 585-614 

 internal factors and, 53-54, 55 

 intravascular pressure and, 54 

 measurement, 23-50, 51-52 



in well-defined systeins, 585-594 



indirect, 23 

 normal values 



animals, 51-53 



man, 5 '"53 



physical activity and, 52 



plasma volume/blood cell volume 

 ratio, 53-54 



pregnancy and, 55 



regulation of, 58-60 



relation of models, 594-596 



sex and, 53 

 Body position 



blood volume and, 57 

 Body type 



blood volume, 53 

 Body water 



distribution of labeled substances in, 

 620 

 Bowditch staircase 



biophysics, 1 75 



calcium and, 1 75 



cardiac contractility and, 174 



characteristics, 1 74 



definition, 173 



factors affecting, 1 75 



potassium efflux and, 1 74 



schema, 173 



see also Reverse staircase; Treppe 

 Brachial vein 



pressure, in man, 440 

 Bundle branch block 



cardiac acoustics and, 708 



cardiac excitation in, 313 



complete, definition, 313 



electrocardiogram and, 314 



left 



excitation path in, 361 



ventricular depolarization and, 314 



right, ventricular depolarization and, 



315 

 Bundle of Kent 



A-V conduction and, 299 

 Burger triangle 



in ECO, definition, 339 

 Burton, A. C. 



Physical principles of circulatory 

 phenomena; the physical equilibria 

 of the heart and blood \essels, 

 85-106 



Calcium 



action potential and, 166 

 bioelcctrical potentials and, 166 

 Bowditch staircase and, 1 75 



