74'J 



HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



CIRCULATION I 



muscle 



enzymes and, 183 



ionic composition and, 185 

 potassium antagonism, 185 

 potassium transport and, 184, 185 

 protein-binding of, 1 83 

 repolarization and, 188 

 site of action, 183 

 see also Digitalis 

 Cardiac metabolism 



anaerobic, adrenaline and, 387 



beriberi and, 223 



chemical work in, 215 



diabetes mellitus and, 224 



digitalis and, 182 



electron transport chain, 213 



energy 



conser\'ation in, 212 



liberation in, 205 



pathways in, 204-220 



utilization in, 215 

 glucose and, 205 

 glycolysis in, 205 

 heart failure and, 226 

 hyperthyroidism and, 224 

 pathological conditions and, 222-225 

 pathways of, 204 

 quinidine, 179 

 shock and, 223 



substrate metabolism, 220-222 

 valvular disease and, 226 

 Cardiac muscle 



arrangement of cell, 201 



birefringence, 201 



calcium depri\'ation and, i 70 



contraction 



actinomyosin and, 218 



alterations in proteins, 225-228 



band pattern changes during, 218 



characteristics of, 237 



model, 218 

 electronmicrograph of, 202 

 fiber 



as elementary dipole, 326 



conduction velocity, 359, 

 quinidine and, 359 



recorded potential, 327 

 glycerinated fibers, 162 

 glycogen maintenance, 221 

 ionic composition, glycosides and, 185 

 intracellular transmission, 279-283 

 length-tension curve of strip, 156 

 lipids of, 204 



mechanism of contraction, 2 1 7 

 membrane properties, 258-283 

 mitochondria of, 203 

 myoglobin of, 203 

 oxygen extraction, 222 

 primary disease, 225 

 sarcosomc, lipids of, 204 

 schema of energetics, 205 

 secondary disease, 225 



skeletal muscle and, 200 

 structure of, 200-204, 280 

 substrate utilization, 220 



nutrition and, 221 

 ultrastructure, 200 

 \asculature of, 200 

 Cardiac muscle contractility 

 barium, i 72 



biophysical considerations, 152-157 

 Bowditch staircase, 1 74 

 calcium, 163, 165-171 

 cesium, 164 

 definition, 490, 534 

 digitalis, 182-188 

 facets of, 549 



force, stimulation frequency, 1 73 

 glycosides, Ca, 186 

 lithium, 163-164 

 magnesium, 171-172 

 mitral regurgitation and, 665 

 nature of, 534-535 

 postextrasystolic potentiation, 1 76 

 potassium, 157-163 

 quinidine, 177-180 

 recovery following stimulation, 176 

 reflex changes, 524 

 replacement of Na by lithium, 164 

 reverse staircase, 1 75 

 rubidium, 164-165 

 sodium, 157-163 



stimulus frequency and force, 173-177 

 sum of Na and K, 1 62 

 ventricular function curses and, 492 

 veratrum alkaloids, 180-182 

 see also Ventricular contractility 

 Cardiac output 



aortic regurgitation aind, 448, 662 



aortic stenosis and, 658-659 



basal, in man, 572 



blood volume and, 55, 60 



cardiopulmonary reserve and, 8 



dextran and, 77 



difficulties of venous sampling, 569 



exercise and, 8 



factors affecting, 7 



heart murmurs and, 715 



heart rate and, 542-543, 548 



hypoxemia and, 477 



metabolic requirements, 6-7 



mitral 



incompetence and, 667 



regurgitation and, 665 



stenosis and, 663, 664 

 left atrial pressure, 664 

 normal, in man, 440, 439 

 stroke volume and, 548 

 stroke work, 8 

 theories of altering, 7 

 tricuspid incompetence and, 670 

 venous return and, 534, 541-542 

 Cardiac output, measurement 

 acetylene, 572 



ballistocardiography, 562-565 

 "cardio-green," 580 

 cardiometry, 565-566 

 comparison of measurements, 576 

 dilution methods, 431, 558, 562-563, 



567-568, 576 

 electromagnetic flowmeters, 554 

 Fick method, 568-570 

 flow dilution curves of, 613 

 flovkftneters and, 552 

 infusion methods, 573-580 

 injection methods, 573-580 

 instantaneous, with Kr", 579 

 kinetic energy flowmeters, 522-554 

 methods for determining, 7-8, 551-580 

 methods for studying determinants, 



7-8 

 mixing of venous blood and, 569 

 nitrous oxide, 572 

 pulse contour methods, 558-562 

 pulse pressure methods, 555-558 

 radioactive materials, 577, 579 

 respiratory methods, 570-573 

 selective radiocardiography, 578 

 sonic flowmeters, 554-555 

 T-1824, 576 



thermodilution methods, 577 

 x-ray cardiometry, 566-567 



Cardiac pacemaker cells 



excitation and, 287, 288, 292 



Cardiac performance 



carotid sinus reflex, 519-525 

 carotido-atrial reflexes, 522 

 carotido-sympatho-atrial reflex, 523 

 carotido-ventricular reflex, 519 

 extrinsic mechanisms, 503-519 

 intrinsic mechanisms, 490-503 

 potassium exchange and, 1 75 

 response to exercise, 525-526 



Cardiac val\-ular abnormality 

 angiocardiography and, 656 

 atrial volume changes, 655 

 carotid artery pulse and, 704 

 electrokymography, 655 

 left heart lesions and, 657 

 metabolic rate, anaerobic, 673 

 mitral incompetence and, 664 

 mitral stenosis and, 662 

 peripheral renal blood flow in, 672 

 pulmonary stenosis, 668 

 pulmonic incompetence, 668 

 regional blood flow and, 672 

 right heart lesions and, 667 

 tricuspid \alve deformities and, 670 



Cardioglobulin 



Bowditch staircase and, 1 75 



Cardiometer 



diagram and calibration, 566 

 principle of, 565 



Cardiometry 



rontgen kymography, 566 

 x-ray, 566 



