694 



HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



CIRCULATION I 



Musicality, for example, is represented adequately 

 only by the spectral phonocardiogram. The oscillo- 

 graphic method has the advantage of direct appli- 

 cability to instruments used in other physiologic re- 

 cording and b\- the same token easier direct correlation 

 with recordings of other physiologic variables. 



Direct correlation with auscultatory findings is 

 easier for spectral phonocardiography than for oscillo- 

 graphic phonocardiography. Functionally, the spec- 

 tral phonocardiograph resembles the ear rather 



closely and the visual image in the spectral phono- 

 cardiogram seems to be rather similar to the auditory 

 impression derived with the stethoscope. For example, 

 we find that physicians untrained in oscillographic 

 phonocardiography learn very quickly, or even 

 recognize at sight, what is being represented in the 

 spectral phonocardiogram. Persons trained in oscillo- 

 graphic phonocardiography often have more diffi- 

 culties because of the change in the ordinate from 

 intensity to frequency. 



REFERENCES* 



1. Beranek, L. L. Acous/ic Measurements. New York: Wiley & 

 Sons, 1950, pp. 18, 19. 



2. Bertrand, C. a., I. G. Milne, and R. Hornick. A study 

 of heart sounds and murmurs by direct heart recordings. 

 Circulation 13: 49, 1956. 



3. Bruns, D. L. a general theory of the causes of murmurs in 

 the cardiovascular system. Am. J. Med. 27: 360, 1959. 



4. Eldridge, F. L., and H. N. Hultgren. Production of 

 heart sounds by the cardiac catheter. Circulation 19: 557, 



1959- 



5. Kleyn, J. B., K. HoLLDACK, AND A. A. LuiSADA. Further 

 international efforts for standardization of phonocardi- 

 ography. Am. J. Cardiol. 4; 675, 1959. 



6. Landford-Smith, F. Radiotron Designer's Handbook. Sidney, 

 Australia; Wireless Press, 1952, p. 808. 



7. Laurens, P., F. Bouchard, E. Brial, C. Cornu, P. 

 Baculard, and P. SouLiE. Bruit et pressions cardio- 

 vasculaires enregistres in situ a I'aide d'un micromano- 

 mdtre. Arch. mal. coeur 52: 121, 1959. 



8. LuiSADA, A. A., and R. Zalter. Phonocardiography. III. 

 Design of the ideal phonocardiograph. .4m. J. Cardiol. 4: 



24. 1959- 



9. LuiSADA, .^. A., and R. Zalter. A new standardized and 

 calibrated system. IRE Trans, on Med. Electronics ME-7: 

 15, i960. 



10. MacLeod, A. G., and A. E. Cohn. A new piezo-electric 



* Whenever references are not specifically indicated, direc- 

 tion to the pertinent literature (before 1958) is provided in the 

 monograph in ref 12. 



manometer to record intracardiac pressure. .-Im. Heart J. 



2': 343, 1941 ■ 



11. Maori, G., E. Jona, D. Messina, and A. .\ctis-Dato. 

 Direct recording of heart sounds and murmurs from the 

 epicardial surface of the exposed human heart. Am. Heart 



J- 57:449. '959- 



12. McKusick, V. A. Cardiovascular Sound in Health and Disease. 

 Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1958. 



13. Mover, D. F., ."iND G. D. Talbott. Instrumentation for 

 the diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. Trans. Am. Inst. 

 Elec. Engrs. 79: 60, i960. 



14. Rappaport, M. B., and H. B. Sprague. The graphic 

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 of the normal heart sounds. Am. Heart J. 23: 591, 1942. 



15. Rushmer, R. F., T. a. Tidwell, and R. M. Ellis. Son- 

 velographic recording of murmurs during acute myo- 

 carditis. Am. Heart J. 48: 835, 1954. 



16. SouLiE, P., P. Laurens, F. Bouchard, C. Cornu, and 

 E. Brial. Enregistrement des pressions ct des bruits intra- 

 cardiaques a I'aide d'un micromanometre. Bull. mem. soc. 

 mid. hop. Paris 73: 713, 1957- 



17. Wallace, J. D., J. R. Brown, Jr., D. H. Lewis, G. VV". 

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 Acoiut. Soc. Am. 31 : 712, 1959. 



iB. Yamakawa, K., Y. Shionoya, R. N.^gai, K. Kitamura, 

 T. Yamamoto, and S. Ohta. Intracardiac phonocardi- 

 ography. Am. Heart J. 47: 424, 1954. 



19. Zalter, R., H. Hod.ara, and A. A. Luisada. Phono- 

 cardiography. I. General principles and problems of 

 standardization. Am. J. Cardiol. 4: 3, 1959. 



20. Zalter, R., and A. A. Luisada. Phonocardiography. II. 

 .■\ppraisal and critical analysis of existing systems. Am. J. 

 Cardiol. 4: 16, 1959. 



