Chloride and Bromide 1 1 3 



saliva is transiently depressed. This effect reaches its maximum 

 with an interruption of flow for as little as one minute Higher 

 sodium concentrations are found in the saliva of human infants 

 and puppies (Hungerland, Quenzlein and Weber, 1957; Prader, 

 Gautier, Gautier and Naef, 1955; Wechsler, i960). 



Lithium concentrations in saliva are higher than in plasma. At 

 low flow rates, they reach 2-3 times the plasma level and at high 

 flow rates approximate to the plasma level. The saliva/plasma 

 ratio for lithium is independent of the absolute plasma concentra- 

 tion. No other substance is known which has a concentration flow 

 relationship of this kind (Burgen, 1958). 



CHLORIDE AND BROMIDE 



The chloride concentration of the saliva shows considerable 

 variation among different glands but the most common pattern is 

 that found in the dog, cat and human submaxillary and parotid 

 glands. In these glands there is a nearly linear relationship between 

 flow rate and chloride concentration (Burgen and Seeman, 1957; 

 Hildes and Ferguson, 1955; Thaysen, Thorn and Schwartz, 1954; 

 Ferguson, Hildes and Naimark, 1957) which, however, at all flows 

 is well below the plasma concentration. A range between 5-70 

 mEq/1. has been commonly reported (de Beer and Wilson, 1932; 

 Kesztyiis and Martin, 1937; Lipschitz, 1929a; Kostlin and Rauch, 

 1957; Freinkel and Ingbar, 1953; Chauncey and Weiss, 1958; 

 Wills, 1940; McCance, 1938; Langstroth, McRae and Stavraky, 

 1938a; Brusilow and Cooke, 1959). 



By contrast, the sublingual saliva of the cat has a higher chloride 

 concentration than in the plasma. Lundberg (1957) found values of 

 144-170 mEq/1. which make chloride almost the exclusive anion 

 in this isotonic saliva. Sublingual and palatine saliva in man have 

 higher chloride concentrations than parotid or submaxillary but 

 are not as high as cat sublingual (Kostlin and Rauch, 1957). In 

 young animals and in children under one year of age the chloride 

 level is considerably higher than in more mature individuals 

 (Kaiser, Kunstadter and Mendelsohn, 1956; Wechsler, i960). 

 Saliva obtained with pilocarpine as the secretogogue rather than 

 parasympathetic nerve stimulation usually has a considerably 

 higher chloride concentration (de Beer and Wilson, 1932 ; Wechsler, 

 i960). 



Sympathetic saliva from the dog and cat submaxillary glands 



