1546 



HWDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



M I R( il'IT, SII '1 M,.\ III 



stimulus to elicit the emotional suppression of lever- 

 pressing behavior. Figure 3 shows the development 



of the conditioned "fear' response in a rat with 

 repeated pairings of clicker and shock superimposed 

 upon the water-reinforced lever-pressing curve, and 

 illustrates the striking failure of the suppression 

 behavior to appear in the same animal with the 

 same clicker and shock when lever pressing is re- 

 warded with brain stimulation in the septal region 

 rather than water. With the monkey, this same 

 phenomenon has been demonstrated with the self- 

 stimulation electrodes in the anterior forebrain 

 portions of the limbic system (medial forebrain 

 bundle), although an extensive analysis of rewarding 

 electrode placements which do not show this inter- 

 action effect with the conditioned emotional re- 

 sponse has not yet been accomplished. 



It is clear that even this developing refinement 

 in the experimental analysis of neuropsychological 

 relationships has not as yet provided more than the 

 most preliminary framework within which a satis- 



factory formulation of emotional behavior is to be 

 sought. An almost infinite complexity remains to 

 be unraveled at the level of organismic-cnvironmental 

 interactions, and an adequate neurophysiological 

 analysis of affective processes would seem to bear a 

 critical dependence upon the systematization of 

 such behavioral relationships per se. Indeed, many 

 attempts have been made to order these behavioral 

 diversities to single broad principles within the con- 

 text of contemporary psychological emphasis upon 

 'acquired drives' and similar motivational con- 

 structs. And physiological focus upon specific 'neural 

 mechanisms' in speculative accounts of the emotion 

 problem has at times appeared equally restrictive. 

 The promise of a more empirical relational analvMs 

 of independently definable psychological and physio- 

 logical events, however, may be seen to reflect some 

 concern that such monolithic ordering, prematurely 

 embraced, might serve to obscure important neuro- 

 behavioral relationships basic to an understanding 

 of what we conventionally regard as emotion. 



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