■53 2 



HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



NEUROPHYSIOLOGY III 



selective subcortical structures. The early observa- 

 tions of Goltz (156) toward the close of the last 

 century on 'emotional' responses to mere handling 

 in the decerebrate dog can be seen to provide the 

 experimental beginnings for a laboratory analysis of 

 neurological mechanisms in affective expression. 

 With the turn of the century, ablation studies pri- 

 marily concerned with only indirectly related neuro- 

 phvsiological problems continued to (Joint up the 

 ill-defined role of central neural processes in the 

 organization of emotional behavior. In 1904, an 

 investigation by Woodworth & Sherrington (401) of 

 the spinal pathways related to pain revealed what 

 iIh \ described .is pseudoaffective' behavioral changes 

 in the decerebrate cat. Within the first two decades 

 of the century, the further observations of Dusser de 

 Barennc (112) following acute decortication in the 

 cat had begun to locus more directly upon emotional 

 behavior changes associated with experimental 

 manipulation of the nervous system. 



Starting in the early 1920's, a rapid succession of 

 experimental observations by Bazett & Penfield (19), 

 Rotlmiann (323) and the now classic investigations 

 of the decorticate preparation's 'sham rage' response 

 by Cannon & Britton (73) further elaborated the 

 specific character of central nervous system involve- 

 ment in emotional expression. These early studies 

 can be seen to have set the stage effectively for a 

 host of experimental and theoretical efforts in this 

 general direction which were to follow Over the 

 next three decades or more. L'ntil well into the 

 [930's, however, ablation techniques combined 

 with gross observation of expressive phenomena in 

 the experimental animal provided virtually the only 

 laboratory methods available to the investigator of 



central participation in emotional behavior. Indeed, 

 Berger's pioneering work on the electrical activity 



ol the nervous system (22) and even thai of Hess on 

 direct electrical stimulation methods (179) may be 

 seen to have their origins at .1 somewhat earlier 

 dale, but the direct application of these important 

 methodological developments tO the analysis of 



central organization in emotional behavior was, 

 understandably, to follow onl) a dela) ol several 

 years The striking changes in electrical activit) ol 

 the brain, which were observed even by Berger to 

 accompany 'attention' or 'anticipator) responsive- 

 ness' 10 sensor) stimulation, earl) suggested the role 

 electrical recording methods were to play in the 

 elaboration oi neural events associated with af- 

 fective States II was not until the later work ol 

 Lindsle) (247), Darrow (90) and others (160, iH<>, 



189, 364, 380, 397), however, that the more direct 

 application of these methods to the problem of 

 emotion was to make its firmest contribution. The 

 studies of emotional behavior changes following 

 direct stimulation of selective brain structures by 

 Ranson & Magoun (315), Masserman (271, 273) and 

 others (45, 99, 100, ib8, 3381, which were to follow 

 Hess' fruitful lead (180, 182), did not appear in 

 definitive form until after the late iujo's and the 

 early [940's. 



Clearly, however, the 'modern era' in laboratory 

 brain-behavior research related to the problem of 

 emotions and the central nervous system can be 

 seen to date from the now classical presentation 

 before the 1937 meetings of the American Physio- 

 logical Society by Kliiver & Bucy (217) reporting 

 dramatic emotional behavioral alterations produced 

 bv rather extensive temporal neocortical and palco- 

 cortical lesions in the rhesus monkey. A few months 

 later, Papez's speculative paper on "A Proposed 

 Mechanism of Emotion" (3021 appeared with its 

 emphasis upon primarily paleocortical, juxtallo- 

 cortical and related subcortical structures; and in the 

 following two decades, numerous anatomical, neuro- 

 phv siological and behavioral studies have testified to 

 the truly remarkable perspicacity of these early 

 efforts. This enduring interest in the neural substrata 

 of emotional behavior has had the not inconsiderable 

 advantage of important technical and investigative 

 advances in neuroanatomy (150, 295, 296, 369) and 

 neurophysiology (98, 138, 199, 259, 291 ) over the 

 past decade or more, not to mention the main more 

 recent developments in behavioral control tech- 

 niques (121, 122, 346). Such combined methodologi- 

 cal skills have been profitably applied to the experi- 

 mental analysis of affective processes 1 1 -, j .;, .)-,, |h, 

 51, 53, -,4, 170, 274, 342). Indeed, some reflection of 

 the degree and direction of this progress in (his in- 

 terdisciplinary approach is to be found in the recent 

 appearance of several excellent comprehensive re- 

 views directly related to this subject (1 ;_>, 216, 255, 

 311). 



NEUROPHYSIOLOGIOAl DEVELOPMENTS v\n 

 BRAIN-BEHAVIOR REt VTIONSHIPS 



Midbrain Reticular Influences 



Probabl) the lir-t systematic experimental efforts 

 to suggest differential participation of nervous system 



components in the elaboration of emotional behavior 



