1496 



HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY 



M I Rl il'lIYSIOLOGY III 



lion. Within the last few years this barrier has been 

 effectively overcome. Wires can now be placed in 

 practically any desired brain structure, and conse- 

 quently the study of electrical responses of the brain 

 is no longer limited to the pale and distorted picture 

 provided by scalp electrodes. Similarly with other 

 measurement devices; so long as they are small in 

 size, they can be accurately placed within the neural 

 tissue where the supposed changes occur. This obvi- 

 ously represents a great step forward. 



On the behavioral side the development of new 

 techniques of measurement (e.g. the operant methods 

 ol Skinner) and the attention being paid to types of 

 learned behavior not previously examined (e.g. im- 

 printing) have appreciably enlarged both the preci- 

 sion and scope of the analysis. 



Coupled with these factors are the findings from 

 basic neurophysiology and anatomy that expand the 

 possibilities for investigation and provide a solid base 

 for new experimentally testable learning hypotheses. 



Put another way, there has been a shift of emphasis in 

 thinking about the neural basis for learning. It is no 

 longer fashionable to conceive of the 'temporary con- 

 nections' as occurring exclusively in the cortex. At 

 least the reticular substance and the limbic system 

 can in addition be presumed to play important roles, 

 and thus two entirely new parameters are provided 

 along whicli experimental attacks can be made. 



The present era in neurophysiology is therefore 

 unlike any other with respect to the neural basis of 

 learning. As recently as 5 years ago an observer not 

 ordinarily given to pessimism might well have con- 

 cluded from the available evidence that our search 

 for the answer was permanently doomed. But today, 

 when obviously relevant measurements of many 

 types are being made in the brain substance of un- 

 anesthetized animals, an avalanche of entirely new 

 information is about to descend upon us and such a 

 conclusion is hardly justified. 



R E F E R E NCES 



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13' 



'4 



1 ')■ 

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'7- 



18 



'9- 



:n 

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