CHAPTER L X I 



The neural basis of learning 



ROBERT GAL AM BOS 



CLIFFORD T. MORGAN 



Department of Neurophysiology, Waller Reed Army Institute of Research, 

 Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 



Department of Psychology, The John Hopkins University, 

 Baltimore, Maryland 



CHAPTER CONTENTS 



Introduction 



Psychological Methods and Terms 

 Conditioning 

 Trial-and-Error Learning 

 Perceptual Learning 

 Phenomena Related to Learning 



Reinforcement and extinction 



Discrimination 



Other methods 

 Summary 

 Ablation Studies 



Spinal Conditioning 

 Subcortical Factors in Learning 

 Conditioning in Decorticate Animals 

 Maze Learning 

 Problem-Box Learning 

 Discriminative Learning 



Visual discrimination 



Interocular transfer 



Auditory discrimination 



Somesthetic discrimination 



Delayed reaction 



Conditioned inhibition 



Anticipation and perseveration 

 Summary 

 EEC Correlates 



The Alpha Block CR 

 Cortical Evoked Potentials 

 New Electrical Waves 

 Subcortical Structures 

 Summary 

 Brain Stimulation 



Brain Shocks "Produce" Behavior 



Brain Shocks as CS and US 



Self-Stimulation 



Brain Shocks Influence Learned Behavior 



Electroconvulsive Seizures 



Summary 



Psychopharmacology 



Summary 

 Ncurophysiological Theories 

 Change in Central Synapses 



Anatomical theories 



Biochemical theories 



Glia cell possibilities 

 Rearranged Neural Circuits 



Russian ideas 



Reverberating chains 

 Theories from 1.1. (J Studies 

 Other Neural Possibilities 

 Mathematical Models 

 Summary 

 I liscussion and Summary 

 One Neural Correlate? 



Structures involved 



Complexity 



Phylogenetic evidence 



'Emotional' learning 



Ease of learning 

 Maturation and Learning 



"Connections' 



The specific change in learning 



Motivation and attention 



Mechanisms in motivation 



Mechanisms in attention 



Limbic-midbrain circuit 

 Summary 

 Concluding Remarks 



INTRODUCTION 



we are concerned in this chapter with what takes 

 place in the nervous system during learning, and our 

 goal is a precise description of its mechanisms. It will 

 however become apparent as we proceed that while 



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