BIBLIOGRAPHY 



551 



tional purposes. Basically, however, these structures are homologous, although 

 plasis produces adult forms which appear to be different. 



A further statement should be added, concerning that type of molding or 

 plasis of a developing structure which produces similar structures from con- 

 ditions which have had a different genetic history. For example, the bat's fore 

 limb rudiment is molded to produce a structure resembling superficially that 

 of the bird, although modern bats and birds have arisen through different hnes 

 of descent. Similarly, the teeth of certain teleost fishes superficially resemble 

 the teeth of certain mammals, an effect produced from widely diverging lines 

 of genetic descent. These molding effects or homoplasy, which produce su- 

 perficially similar structures as a result of adaptations to certain environmental 

 conditions, are called convergence, parallelism, and analogy. An example of 

 experimental homoplasy is the induction of eye lenses in the embryo by the 

 transplantation of optic-cup material to a place in the epidermis which nor- 

 mally does not produce a lens. 



{Note: For a discussion of homology, homogeny, plasis, convergence, etc., 

 see Tait, '28.) 



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