16 



The Muscular System 



A. Introduction 



1. Definition 



2. General structure of muscle tissue 



a. Skeletal muscle 



b. Cardiac muscle 



c. Smooth muscle 



B. Histogenesis of muscle tissues 



1. Skeletal muscle 



2. Cardiac muscle 



3. Smooth muscle 



C. Morphogenesis of the muscular system 



1. Musculature associated with the viscera of the body 



2. Musculature of the skeleton 



a. Development of trunk and tail muscles 



1) Characteristics of trunk and tail muscles in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates 



a) Natatorial adaptations 



b) Terrestrial adaptations 



c) Aerial adaptations 



2) Development of trunk and tail musculature 



a) General features of myotomic differentiation in the trunk 



b) Differentiation of the myotomes in fishes and amphibia 



c) Differentiation of the truncal myotomes in higher vertebrates and par- 

 ticularly in the human embryo 



d) Muscles of the cloacal and perineal area 



e) Development of the musculature of the tail region 



b. Development of muscles of the head-pharyngeal area 



1) Extrinsic muscles of the eye 



2) Muscles of the visceral skeleton and post-branchial area 



a) Tongue and other hypobranchial musculature 



b) Musculature of the mandibular visceral arch 



c) Musculature of the hyoid visceral arch 



d) Musculature of the first branchial arch 



e) Muscles of the succeeding visceral arches 



f) Muscles associated with the spinal accessory or eleventh cranial nerve 



g) Musculature of the mammalian diaphragm 



c. Development of the musculature of the paired appendages 



d. Panniculus carnosus 



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