722 



THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 



d. Panniciilus Carnosus 



There are two groups of skeletal "skin muscles," that is, muscles under 

 voluntary control which move the skin and skin structures. One group is the 

 mimetic or facial musculature, described on page 717 and originating from 

 the primitive hyoid mesoderm; the other is the panniculus carnosus, found 

 only in the Mammalia and derived embryologically from the tissue which 

 forms the pectoral musculature. The facial musculature is innervated by 

 cranial nerve VII or the facial nerve, while the panniculus carnosus receives 

 its innervation from the anterior thoracic nerves (fig. 327E'). 



The panniculus carnosus is highly developed in the guinea pig and porcupine 

 and, although less developed in the rabbit, cat, dog, and horse, it forms a 

 prominent muscular layer. The fibers may be divided into two groups: 



(a) fibers which arise and insert in the superficial fascia of the skin and 



(b) fibers that arise in the superficial fascia of the back and thigh and 

 converge toward the greater tuberosity of the humerus, where they 

 insert. 



For extensive references and descriptions, see Langworthy ('24 and '25). 



Bibliography 



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