RESULTS OF CASTRATION 



53 



developed, the atrophy is completed in about three weeks. 

 There can be no doubt that here cyclical oestral changes are 

 caused by the testicle. 



We have seen that man and mammal can be deprived of 

 certain sexual characters by means of castration, but that 

 other sexual characters may be preserved after castration, at 

 least to a certain degree. It is the same with the frog, as 

 shown by observations of Goltz, Nussbaum, Steinach and 

 Harms. Goltz (1869) mentions that copulation does not cease 



Fig. 36. — Pad of male Rana temporaria in April, at time oj heat, x 80. Epidermis 

 thickened, glands increased. — Prepar. of Wagner; photo, of Kull. 



after castration. Nussbaum (1912, p. 47) stated that males 

 castrated during the breeding season embrace immediately 

 if placed on top of the female. Steinach (1910) found that the 

 clasping reflex disappears in the course of days or weeks, but 

 returns later, though to a decreased extent; spontaneous 

 embracing in the "castrate" seems no longer to occur at all. 

 Also the pads of the "castrate," according to Harms (1910, p. 35) 

 and Steinach, show an enlargement, which reappears periodi- 

 cally in the breeding season. But this enlargement of the 



