RESULTS OF CASTRATION 17 



which type will develop. I think that possibly the individual 

 endocrine condition in general is of great influence on the results 

 of castration. Unfortunately the mutual relations of the 

 organs producing internal secretions are not yet sufficiently 

 known, and at present it is only possible to discuss this question 

 superficially. The complete elucidation of the problems 

 involved in the study of these interrelations implies the solution 

 of all the problems of biochemistry. 



Taking into consideration the fact that some sexual characters 

 remain after castration ever after in an infantile stage, and 

 especially that the skeleton is longer than normally in that 

 stage, Tandler made the suggestion that some of the phenomena 

 observed in the castrated individual are merely symptoms of 

 a prolonged prepuberal stage ("protrahierte Unreife"), the 

 result being that the sexual divergence is less marked in the 

 castrated than in the normal individual. The castrated 

 man and woman tend more or less towards a common type, 

 that is, to a juvenile form common to both sexes, or to a form 

 in which sexual divergence has not yet taken place (Tandler 

 and Gross, 1913, p. 58). One might object that there are 

 in the castrated man some features, as, for instance, the 

 larger pelvis and the hairless face, the female character of 

 which cannot be denied; but these features are only apparently 

 female. Although it is illegitimate to explain all differences 

 in body shape between man and woman by the woman remain- 

 ing always in an infantile stage, or by the growth of the 

 woman's body stopping earlier than that of the man, it seems 

 certain, as Martin (1914, pp. 33 and 205) points out, that the 

 body shape in the woman is nearer to the infantile form 

 than that of the man. Under these circumstances one can 

 understand that the castrated man must have some characters 

 which seem to be more or less female, but are in reality not 

 necessarily female characters ; they should be regarded rather 

 as infantile, and common to both sexes. 



The facts recognised by Tandler and related above, compel 

 us to believe that in the ontogenetic development of the soma 

 there is in the beginning an asexual stage, the subsequent differ- 

 entiation of which is caused afterwards by the formative 

 influence of the sexual glands [Steinach, 1912, Lipschutz, 1917 

 and 1918 a). It is true that the results of castration in man 

 might be interpreted differently. One might point out that 



