i6 INTERNAL SECRETIONS 



the climacteric, the possibiUty suggests itself that castration 

 leads not only to the disappearance or partial atrophy of the 

 homologous sexual characters, but also to the appearance of 

 heterologous sexual characters. In support of this view it 

 may be pointed out that in castrated men, even when the 

 operation is done postpuberally, the breasts may develop 

 in a very striking manner. But, as we have said already, 

 modem authors seem to agree that there is only an accumula- 

 tion of fat in the breasts and not a development of glandular 

 tissue. Also certain measurements of the skeleton as observed 

 in castrated men, as for instance, those of the pelvis, which 

 appeared to resemble those of the female, are in reality infan- 

 tile; it is the same with the voice and the sexual libido. More- 

 over, the accumulation of fat is not a female sexual character, 

 because it is not the fact that fat is accumulated, but rather 

 the localization of the fat, which characterizes the castrated 

 man. This is very different in a castrated man from what it is 

 in a normal woman, and one cannot designate it as a female 

 character. The only facts one might make use of in support of 

 the suggestion that heterologous sexual characters appear 

 after castration, are the beard and the low voice of the woman 

 after the climacteric. But as already remarked, Tandler and 

 Gross observed a similar beard in the castrated man. In view 

 of these facts there can be no question of the appearance of 

 heterologous sexual characters after castration. A similar 

 statement may be made about animals. 



As stated above, the prepuberally castrated man shows a 

 disproportion in the growth of the different parts of the skele- 

 ton, since the growth of the bones does not stop at the normal 

 time. It may be that the influence of the sexual glands on the 

 skeleton is not a direct one. It is very probable that they 

 exert their influence by the intermediation of other internally 

 secreting glands, and this is rendered probable in view of the 

 fact that the sexual glands react upon almost all the other 

 glands which elaborate internal secretions (see especially Bell, 

 1920), and these in their turn influence the growth of the 

 organism in manifold ways. Koch (1921), when examining 

 the Scopecs, has especially insisted on this question. He postu- 

 lates, hke Tandler, different types of " castrates," the one being 

 "hypophyseal-adipose," the other "acromegaUc." According 

 to Koch it depends upon the age at the time of castration 



