12 INTERNAL SECRETIONS 



castrated women in whom the hypophysis was found to be 

 greater and heavier than normally (Kon, 1908, Rossle, 1914). 

 Tandler and Gross state that in the castrated individual the 

 sella turcica of the base of the skull is correspondingly enlarged. 



It is often said that an hypertrophy of the mammae takes 

 place after castration in man ; but it is very probable that only 

 an accumulation of fat occurs without any hypertrophy of 

 glandular tissue. 



With reference to the psycho-sexual behaviour of the pre- 

 puberally castrated man one often reads that erection and co- 

 habitation are still sometimes possible. Tandler and Gross 

 observed erection in a prepuberally castrated Skopec during 

 the examination. But on the other hand one cannot take all 

 statements on the potentia coeundi after prepuberal castration 

 very seriously, as every practitioner will understand; thus it 

 is stated by some writers with absolute certainty that even 

 after postpuberal castration erection and cohabitation do not 

 take place as a rule after a certain time. 



The general intelligence does not seem to be influenced by 

 prepuberal castration, but a certain apathy is a characteristic 

 feature, and sometimes psychical disturbances of a not very 

 serious character occur. 



Koch (1921) has re-examined the question of the condition 

 of the Scopecs, and he has confirmed the statements of Tandler 

 and Gross. For details the original paper must be referred to. 



(b) On the results of postpuberal castration we have new 

 observations by Tandler and Gross {19 13), Magnus Hirschfeld 

 (1916), and Lichtenstern (1916) on individuals between 21 and 

 46 years of age. These cases were carefully observed. An 

 almost complete disappearance of the beard and a great change 

 in the distribution of hair on the body are described. In 

 Lichtenstern' s two cases, which were men of 28 and 29 years 

 of age, these changes were already visible after four months 

 and three weeks respectively. In all the four cases there was 

 superabundance of fat tissue characteristically localized in the 

 hips, in the abdominal wall, on the breasts and on the face. 

 Hirschfeld relates of his two cases, which were men of 21 and 46 

 years when castrated, and were observed by him ten and three 

 years after the operation, that the larynx was small and the 

 voice high. The sexual libido was completely absent in all the 

 four cases of Hirschfeld and Lichtenstern. In the case where 



