SEX SPECIFIC ACTION OF HORMONES 287 



concludes, therefore, that normally the testicle inhibits develop- 

 ment of ovarian tissue in the Bidder's organ. Notwithstanding 

 the presence of ovarian tissue the toads remained typical 

 males in somatic appearance and sexual behaviour. Harms 

 concluded that no transformation of sex can be produced in 

 adult animals. But two years later Harms (1923) stated 

 that all the animals operated on in the above manner 

 became transformed about 4 to 5 years after the operation, 

 somatically and psychically into females. The uteri masculini 

 changed into female uteri and oviducts; the form of the head 

 became female-like. 



Ponse (1923) by testicular transplantation has provoked 

 development of pads on both thumbs in a young castrated 

 female toad. The pads appeared about seven months after 

 the operation. 



Wagner (1922), on my incentive, made experiments on tad- 

 poles, which were fed with frog ovaries and testicles, but no 

 sex specific influence was observed. 



B. FEMINIZATION AND MASCULINIZATION IN 

 MAMMALS AND BIRDS. 



Experiments undertaken to influence the organism of the 

 mammal and bird by implanting a gland of the other sex have 

 been made by different authors, as by Hunter as early as 1780, 

 and in later times by Foges, Meisenheimer, and Bucura. 

 Numerous authors have grafted testicles and ovaries upon the 

 castrated or normal organism of the other sex in order to study 

 the behaviour of the transplanted sexual gland itself. The 

 successful experiments of W. Schultz (1910) may be mentioned 

 here. 



But Steinach was the first to attempt to clear up the question 

 of the specific hormonic action of the male and female sexual 

 glands by experiments systematically performed by means of 

 " crossed transplantation." ^ 



In his experiments, Steinach (1912) started with the following 

 considerations. If the action of the male and female sexual 

 hormones is the same, then it should be possible to cause 

 complete development of young castrated males to full sexual 



iThe term "crossed transplantation" was first, used by Caullery (1913. 

 p. 113). The term ''sex specific" was introduced by myself {Lipschiitz, 

 1914, p. 408), 



V 



