SEX SPECIFIC ACTION OF HORMONES 293 



probably due to the fact that he removed one of the two 

 implanted ovaries, and that soon afterwards the second 

 graft underwent degeneration. Moore observed development 

 of teats and glands to an extent similar to that of pregnant 

 females. But his animals showed no feminine inclination 

 towards young ones and repelled any attempts on their part 

 to suck. In our own experiments on guinea pigs the teats and 

 the mammary glands were like those of a pregnant female, 

 and there was milk secretion. Sometimes only colostrum 

 could be pressed out. 



Steinach's results were confirmed also by Brandes (1914) 

 in an experiment on a stag on to which ovaries were engrafted 

 after castration. The mammary glands hypertrophied. There 

 were no horns in the feminized stag, and the ponium adami was 

 not visible at all. Unfortunately Brandes made no detailed 

 communication on his results ; only a short account was given 

 by him in a daily paper, and in letters published in the scientific 

 press. It is noteworthy that the committee of the Zoological 

 Garden of Dresden, of which Brandes is the director, pro- 

 hibited him from continuing his experiments, on the ground 

 that they were opposed to morality and to the good reputation 

 of the Garden. 



In view of these experiments there can be no doubt that 

 male and female sexual hormones act differently. They act 

 in a sex specific manner, i.e., they transform the organism so 

 as to accord with the characteristics of one or the other sex. 



The microscopical examination of the ovarian graft in the 

 male "castrate" reveals that the cellular elements to which 

 we ascribe the endocrine function of the ovary are more 

 numerous than in a normal organ, as with an ovary exposed 

 to X-rays. There is an increased follicular development and 

 atresia. This explains the fact that specific sexual characters 

 may develop in the feminized male in a more pronounced 

 manner than in the normal virgin female. There is, as Steinach 

 points out, not only a feminization, but really an hyper feminiza- 

 tion. If, on the contrary, the graft undergoes degeneration 

 and transformation into fibrous connective tissue, the teats 

 of the feminized animal revert to the rudimentary structures 

 characteristic of the normal male or the castrated female. 

 One of Moore's experiments confirming those of Steinach's is 

 very significant in this respect (Moore, 1921, p. 371). 



