300 INTERNAL SECRETIONS 



castrated female. The uterus undergoes atrophy, as in the 

 ordinary "castrate"; some years ago Bucura (1907, 1913, 

 p. 145) observed that a successful testicular graft was not 

 able to prevent the atrophy of the uterus in a castrated female 

 hare. It would be of great interest to determine whether there 

 is also an inhibitory action on the part of the male hormones 

 towards the teat, the mammary glands and the uterus. 



The influence of the testicular graft on the corpora cavernosa 

 of the clitoris is of an especial interest, the clitoris being trans- 

 formed into a penis-Hke organ (Fig. 120). This I showed 

 (1916 b, 1917 a, 1918) when examining guinea pigs in Steinach's 

 laboratory, and operated on by him a long time ago. The 

 external examination of a female with a successful testicular 

 graft revealed that the urogenital region underwent mascuUniza- 

 tion {Fig. 120 C). In the place of the httle female urethric 

 tubercle, as the prominence in the aperture of the urethra of 

 the female may be termed, there is a long fold of skin. It 

 differs only from a normal male preputium in having a split 

 on the under side. The preputium can be easily drawn back 

 when an extraordinary picture reveals itself {Fig. 120 D). 

 Two red excrescences are seen, which in their mutual posi- 

 tion, their colour and their dimensions, are just like normal 

 corpora cavernosa penis, only their length is much less than 

 in the normal male. Between these excrescences lies the 

 aperture of the urethra, evidently at the normal place for a 

 female. There can be no doubt that it was owing to the action 

 of the male sexual hormones that the corpora cavernosa of the 

 cUtoris grew and changed into corpora cavernosa penis, and that 

 the preputium of the clitoris changed into a preputium of a 

 penis. It is remarkable, however, that the corpus cavernosum 

 urethrae was absent ; the developed organ gave the impression 

 of a totally hypospadic penis. A frontal section through the 

 penis-like organ of the masculinized female would present the 

 appearance of one through the glans of a normal penis. The 

 absence of a corpus cavernosum urethrae might be explained 

 in the following manner. Castration, feminization or mascu- 

 linization is performed on an animal in which the sex characters 

 are already "fixed" to a certain degree. Profound changes 

 take place in the genital region of the male and female animal 

 during the second half of embryonic development. These 

 transformations result in producing the long urethra in the 



