SEX SPECIFIC ACTION OF HORMONES 303 



female are of interest also in relation to the theory of inter- 

 sexuality.^ (See Chapter IX.) 



Sand has described (1918, 1919) some observations made 

 by him on a penis-like organ in the mascuHnized rat. In the 

 normal female rat the clitoris is a very rudimentary organ. 

 In masculinized rats, the psycho-sexual behaviour of which 

 was male, Sand found a pronounced hypertrophy of the 

 clitoris, which was transformed into an organ 4 to 5 mm. 

 long, turgescent and full of blood. It may be added, that 

 Sand's observations were entirely independent of mine. 

 Moore (1921) also observed the formation of a penis-like organ 

 in two masculinized guinea pigs (out of 18 animals operated). 

 He relates that the genital region resembled that of the male 

 considerably more than that of the female, and he adds that 

 the condition differed in no material respects from that which 

 I described. On the contrary, Harms (1922, p. 242) states 

 that in his experiments no change took place in the copulatory 

 organ. In view of the observations of Sand and Moore and 

 m^/self the negative result obtained by Harms can only be 

 explained as due to a degeneration of the testicular graft. He 

 supplies no details. 



As we have seen in the preceding section, there is, according 

 to Steinach, an inhibition of body growth brought about under 

 the influence of the ovary. On the contrary, the testicle seems 

 to favour body growth {Fig. 121). The masculinized guinea 

 pig of Steinach, which I myself also observed, was much bigger 

 than a normal female or an ordinary female "castrate"; its 

 proportions were more those of a normal male. According to 

 Steinach there may be even an hypermascuKnization in the 

 growth of the skeleton and body generally. But the same 

 objections may be made to this conclusion as to the similar 

 conclusions about the feminized male (see p. 295). Moore 

 (1919) claims that there was little evidence that the engrafted 

 testicle affected the weight of rats ; on the other hand, Stotsen- 

 burg (quoted from Moore, 1919, 1922) showed that removal 

 of the testicle does not influence the body growth of the rat, 



1 Recently we stated that an hypertrophied clitoris and horny styles some- 

 times are present also in otherwise normal female guinea pigs. I saw four 

 animals of this kind. The hypertrophy was however mostly not so pronounced 

 as in the masculinized animal. The internal organs were quite normal. The 

 phenomenon is an hereditary one. An offspring of one of the above animals 

 showed the same phenomenon. We have not yet made a detailed investiga- 

 tion of the problem which is indeed of a very great interest. 



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