INTERSEXUALITY 365 



in the "would-be-male" made hermaphrodite. During the 

 period of female erotization there is sometimes also a milk secre- 

 tion. According to Sand (1918) changes in the psycho-sexual 

 behaviour from male to female and vice versa may take place 

 even within half an hour. Sand describes an animal which 

 showed characteristic female tendencies, such as licking the- 

 young and smoothing them down, and which showed soon 

 afterwards male reactions when a castrated sister was brought 

 into its cage; the "would-be-male" now emitted the charac- 

 teristic male call, followed the female and performed charac- 

 teristic copulatory movements. Such a bisexual behaviour 

 was observed by Sand in two experiments. The period of 

 bisexuality was a transitory one ; this period was followed by a 

 male one, which became gradually more and more accentuated ; 

 finally only traces of female reactions were present. Such a 

 transition from bisexuality to a male period took eight days. 

 These latter observations corroborate those of Steinach 

 mentioned above. But it may be said that according to my 

 own observations on normal and castrated guinea pigs it 

 is very difficult to draw any detailed conclusions about 

 the psycho-sexual behaviour. 



As to the sexual instincts of the fowls made experimentally 

 hermaphrodite, Zawadowsky states that there were some 

 indications of a simultaneous influence from both glands. 



All these experiments leave no doubt that combination, not 

 only of male and female somatic, but also of psychical sex 

 characters, can be experimentally caused by combining male 

 and female sex glands in one organism. 



4. Histological. 



The first of the questions propounded by us has been an- 

 swered positively. Intersexuality can be experimentally 

 caused by the simultaneous presence of gonads of both sexes. 

 The second question as to whether endocrine cells of both 

 sexes other than generative cells simultaneously functioning 

 in the same organism are the real cause of the experimental 

 hermaphroditism, will now be examined. 



Testicular and ovarian grafts in the experimental herma- 

 phrodite undergo the same changes as such grafts usually do. 

 There is a degeneration of the seminiferous tubules; there is 

 an increased follicular atresia, and an increased production of 



