366 INTERNAL SECRETIONS 



those cells in the ovary which are derived from atretic 

 follicles, and to which an endocrine function has been ascribed. 



From the histological examination of an ovarian graft 

 removed from an experimental hermaphrodite at a period of 

 female erotization, Steinach concluded that milk secretion 

 and female erotization in experimental hermaphroditism is 

 due to the fact that there is an increased follicular atresia and 

 an increased production of female sexual hormones. Some 

 histological observations of Sand might also be taken as 

 evidence of such an assumption. The ovarian graft removed 

 by Sand from an animal at a time when male erotization 

 predominated contained more or less mature follicles, but only 

 a few theca-lutein cells, whereas the ovariotestis removed 

 from another animal at a bisexual period contained a con- 

 siderable number of theca-lutein cells. But in some of the 

 above-mentioned negative cases of Sand (1922 c, d) the ovary 

 was normally developed, and Sand states that "there is not 

 always a correspondence between the anatomical condition and 

 the physiological state." This phenomenon can be explained 

 only on the experimental hues, as discussed above (on p. 356). 



Steinach concluded that intersexuality is caused not by the 

 simultaneous presence of both male and female generative 

 cells, but by the simultaneous presence of special endocrine 

 cells. As to pseudo-hermaphroditism, Steinach assumes "that 

 in the many cases where homologous and heterologous sex 

 characters are combined in an individual, although the gonads 

 seem to be of only one sex, they are of one sex only in the 

 matter of generative cells, and are hermaphrodite in the 

 endocrine cells, these gonads containing in reality an herma- 

 phrodite puberty gland" {Steinach, 1916, p. 328), Such a 

 suggestion means that there is no justification for classifying 

 cases of intersexuality as those of true and of pseudo-herma- 

 phrodites, the latter being as much true hermaphrodites as 

 the ''true hermaphrodites" of the old terminology. 



Against this assumption various objections have been urged. 

 First, the degeneration of the generative part in the testicular 

 graft is not a complete one, sex cells at early stages, or at least 

 spermatogonia, almost always still being present in the testi- 

 cular graft, the periodic regeneration of the seminiferous 

 tubules being thereby not excluded. This is the same objection 

 as that so often made to the experiments of Ancel and Bouin 



