INTERSEXUALITY 401 



found in heterosexual transformations only in those crosses 

 where the turning point to the other sex is a very early one ; the 

 transformation of the gonad will take place only in those 

 crosses in which all the somatic organs are already changed. 



Some examples of Goldschmidt's may be given in his own 

 words (1920 b, p. 82). If a male of the Japanese race of Gifu 

 is crossed with a female of the race of Kumamoto, all the females 

 of the first generation will be slightly intersexual. The 

 antennae will be slightly hairy like those of the male; there 

 will be a little of the male brown on the white female wings; 

 the number of eggs will be reduced, but the copulatory organs 

 will be normal and reproduction be possible. If the same 

 males of Gifu are crossed with females of Hokkaido or of 

 Schneidemiihl, the degree of intersexuality in the females of the 

 first generation will be a somewhat more pronounced one. All 

 the somatic sex characters are more male-like ; but the instincts 

 are still female, the males being attracted without fertilization 

 being possible, though ova are present. If a male of Gifu is 

 crossed with a female of Fiume, females with a high degree of 

 intersexuality will be the result. The somatic sex characters 

 are almost male; the instincts are midway between the two 

 sexes; no copulation takes place, and would, indeed, be 

 impossible; but the ovary is still to be found, though in an 

 undeveloped condition. If a male of another Japanese race 

 (of unknown origin) is crossed with a female of Schneidemiihl, 

 the females of the first generation will be highly intersexual. It 

 is almost impossible to distinguish them from males, though a 

 careful examination will reveal a strain of female somatic 

 characters ; the instincts are wholly male ; the gonad shows all 

 transitions between an ovary and a true testicle with mature 

 spermatozoa. If males of Oggi or Amori are crossed with 

 females of Fiume, Schneidemiihl or Hokkaido, all the females 

 of the first generation will be transformed into true males. 

 There is a whole scale of female intersexuahty or a gradation 

 from female to male. 



I shall abstain from reviewing and discussing other observa- 

 tions and experiments made on similar lines with various 

 Arthfopoda. The papers of Goldschmidt , of de la Vaulx 

 (1921-22) and of Sexton and J. Huxley (1921) may be referred 

 to here. It may be mentioned that de la Vaulx made very 

 extensive observations on the intersexuality of the crustacean 



