INTERSEXUALITY 363 



point of culmination, though nothing definite could be stated 

 as to this. 



Very good results were obtained by Sand (1922 c) by intra- 

 testicular ovarian transplantation in infantile guinea pigs 

 and in those having just attained sexual maturity. In six 

 out of sixteen operated animals he obtained complete success, 

 the penis being normal and the mammary glands secreting 

 milk or being better developed than in virgin females. Four 

 experiments of the same kind performed on guinea pigs a 

 year old gave negative results. In the experiments of Krause 

 (Lipschutz and Krause, 1923 b) in which the intratesticular 

 method of Sand was used, and in which the respective quan- 

 tities of testicle and ovary were varied, there were twelve 

 positive cases (female and male characters simultaneously 

 present) out of 36. In my experiments with Voss (testicular 

 fragments in situ and ovaries into the kidney) nearly all our 

 results were positive (16 out of 17 operated), eight of them with 

 milk secretion. We observed milk secretion even in an 

 animal operated when it had attained a weight of about 8oogr. ; 

 the age of this animal must have been no less than about a year 

 and a half. 



The control experiments of Steinach and Sand are also of 

 great interest. When about six to eight weeks after trans- 

 plantation the development of the teat and of the mammary 

 gland begins, this development can be stopped by removal 

 of the ovarian graft. If, on the contrary, the testicular graft 

 is removed, the teat and the mammary gland continue to 

 grow, and further development of the penis stops ; the animal 

 becomes feminized (experiments of Steinach). Sand removed 

 both the engrafted testicle and ovary; the animal became an 

 ordinary ''castrate," the turgor of the penis diminishing and 

 the teats becoming shorter and looser. All these experiments 

 show that the combination of male and female sex characters 

 in the same animal was due to the simultaneous presence of 

 male and female sexual hormones. 



In Chapter VI. we gave an account of experiments by Foges 

 and Pezard on fowls; a condition of hermaphroditism was 

 caused by engrafting the heterosexual gland in an incompletely 

 castrated bird. Similar observations were made also by 

 Zawadowsky (1922). Two castrated hens with regenerated 

 ovary and successful testicular graft exhibited normal somatic 



