364 INTERNAL SECRETIONS 



sex characters, but the comb became bigger than in the ordinary 

 hen. Similar results were obtained with implantation of 

 testicle into a normal hen. Zawadowsky also performed 

 experiments with implantation of ovaries into normal cocks 

 or into castrated cocks with regenerated testes. There was in 

 the first case feminization of the cock, in regard to plumage; 

 the comb was bigger than in the ordinary hen. A castrated 

 cock with regenerated testicle and implanted ovary exhibited 

 the male comb, but a more or less female plumage. A general 

 review of the six experiments of Zawadow^sky with experi- 

 mental hermaphroditism (three " would-be-cocks" and three 

 " w^ould-be-hens ") is of great interest. All the six birds 

 had the plumage of the hen, or, in other words, the ovary 

 exerted its action on the plumage in the presence of the testicle. 

 The growth of the spurs was more or less inhibited in birds 

 with implanted ovaries. All the birds showed an exag- 

 gerated growth of the head apparel under the influence of 

 the engrafted testicle, though there was a great variabihty 

 in the head apparel and likewise in the sexual instincts. This, 

 I think, can easily be explained as due to variation in the time 

 at which the gralEt was made or "took," and by the quantity 

 of graft which survived in the respective experiments. There 

 are indeed very great variations in the development of the 

 head apparel also in normal hens. 



3. The Psycho-sexual Behaviour of Experimental 

 Hermaphrodites. 



According to Steinach (19 16) and Sand (19 18) their experi- 

 mental animals exhibited a very pronounced intersexuality 

 also in the psycho-sexual behaviour. Steinach relates that the 

 "would-be-male" transformed into an experimental herma- 

 phrodite shows in the beginning a male behaviour, fighting 

 with normal males, emitting the characteristic call of the 

 normal male, following the female and making attempts to 

 leap. Some weeks afterwards a change in the behaviour was 

 observed, the animal now becoming shy, unwilling to fight 

 with normal males and not following normal females. On 

 the contrary, the animal is now followed by normal males 

 which try to copulate, w^hereas the hermaphrodized male 

 defends himself by the averting reflex. There is, according to 

 Steinach, a periodic change of male and female erotization 



