INTERSEXUALITY 379 



whether hypospadia, as observed in man, could be explained 

 as due to masculinizing hormones during embryonic develop- 

 ment entering into play or becoming activated more or less 

 suddenly after the soma had originally begun its sexual 

 differentiation in a female direction. There would under 

 these circumstances be a masculinization, not of an asexual 

 soma, but of a soma which had already undergone the influence 

 of female sexual hormones, that is, a masculinization of a soma 

 in which female sex characters had already become fixed to 

 a certain degree. One must suppose that from such an ab- 

 normal condition an hypospadia might result. The degree of 

 hypospadia will depend on the time at which male sexual 

 hormones became activated and female sexual hormones 

 ceased to be active. Such an assumption means that hypo- 

 spadia may in some cases be a symptom of intersexuality which 

 existed only during embryonic life when simultaneously or 

 successively feminizing and masculinizing sexual hormones 

 exerted their influence on the soma. 



The assumption of hypospadia being a symptom of inter- 

 sexuality, and the assumption that intersexuality is sometimes 

 only a temporary one, being present only during embryonic 

 life, was held at first by Sauerbeck as a result of his careful 

 anatomical investigation of hermaphroditism in animals and 

 men. Pick afterwards made a similar suggestion. 



It seems to me probable that the number of abnormalities 

 caused by temporary intersexuality in general is much greater 

 than was formerly supposed. If we adopt the view 

 that hypospadia is a symptom of intersexuality, the number 

 of hermaphrodites becomes extraordinarily great. According 

 to Lagneau (quoted from Neugehauer, 1908, p. 624) there are 

 in France five cases of hypospadia among every 1000 recruits. 

 As Neugebauer pointed out, men with higher degrees of 

 hypospadia, or those with a hypospadia peniscrotalis, are 

 mostly educated as girls. 



2. Mammals. 



(a) Different forms of intersexuality in mammals. 



It is of great interest to examine the question of hormonic 

 intersexuality in the different groups of mammals. 



It is a very striking fact that true glandular intersexuality 



