INTERSEXUALITY 387 



in the female direction. On this assumption there must 

 be not only an inhibition of the female and a stimulus for the 

 growth of the male genital organs (corp. cav. and seminal 

 vesicles), but also an influence of the male sexual hormones on 

 the ovaries, which are in progress of development. There 

 should be a masculinization also of other somatic sex characters 

 as the body proportions of the female foetus sometimes 

 resemble those of the male type. Afterwards, during extra- 

 uterine life, when the influence of the male sexual hormones of 

 the partner ceases, the freemartin appears to acquire the 

 body proportions of an ordinary "castrate." 



Certain objections may be made against the assumption that 

 intersexuality as present in the freemartin is caused by the 

 successive or simultaneous influence of hormones of both sexes 

 on the same individual during embryonic life. Magnus son 

 (1918, quoted from different authors) holds the opinion that 

 the gonad of the freemartin is testis-like to such a degree 

 that the freemartin can only be considered as an abnormal 

 male. If this is so, then masculinization by sex hormones 

 from the other foetus does not come under consideration. 

 But the standpoint of Magnusson is contrary to certain 

 important facts stated by Lillie and his co-workers. Lillie 

 has shown that the freemartin is genetically a female; if we 

 adopt the opinion that the sterile partner is a modified male, 

 we meet with an absurd sex ratio. Ninety-two cases of bovine 

 twins examined by Lillie give 29(J(J : 39(^? : 24$$. Out of 

 the 39 cases of different-sexed twins six were normal. 

 Though, indeed, these figures are small, it is easy to show by 

 calculation that they are intelligible only on the assumption 

 that the sterile animals are modified females and not modified 

 males. In the first instance we have a sex-ratio of 97(? : 8y^; 

 in the second instance the ratio would be i30cJ : 54$; such a 

 deviation from the normal ratio i^J : 1$ is outside the prob- 

 able. Magnusson, however, is of the opinion that the twins in 

 cattle are monozygotic, i.e., derived from one ovum; but this 

 assumption is without any foundation, since Keller and Tandler, 

 and also Lillie, regularly found two corpora lutea in the ovaries. 

 ZietzscJimann (1920) has rightly made the same objection to 

 Magnusson's contention. In view of these considerations, it 

 seems for the moment highly probable that the freemartin 

 mu?^ be interpreted as a modified female. Further support is 



