INTERSEXUALITY 395 



six birds. One would suggest that the reappearance of a 

 female plumage was due to the regeneration of pieces of ovary 

 left in the body unintentionally. This would most likely be 

 true in many of the cases. But on the other hand Goodale 

 found that in some of the birds observed no regeneration of 

 ovarian tissue took place, no trace of ovarian tissue being 

 present at all. An organ sui generis had grown. A portion 

 of this organ was removed from each bird for histological 

 examination. The organ resembled more or less that which is 

 sometimes present in normal females on the right side. But 

 it is impossible to assert that the new organ resulted from the 

 hypertrophy of the latter. There are, according to Goodale, 

 reasons for drawing such a conclusion, but "to demonstrate 

 the assumed relationship between the structure will require a 

 considerable series of stages, which are not at present available, 

 and whose collection will require some time." As in the hens 

 observed by Goodale there was not only a change of plumage 

 to the male type, but sometimes also a male-like development 

 of the head-apparel, one must assume that these changes were 

 due to a masculinizing factor present in the body of the cas- 

 trated hen. That this assumption is true is shown by the 

 observations of Pezard and of Zawadowsky. 



Pezard (1922 a) made his observations on two hens which were 

 castrated, and which received a testicular implantation into 

 the peritoneal cavity. These birds did not assume male 

 plumage, this being a sign of the oophorectomy having been 

 an incomplete one. Five years later both hens manifested a 

 male growth of head apparel and male sexual instincts. This 

 maleness lasted only about four months, but in the next year 

 maleness was again reassumed. When dissecting these two 

 birds Pezard found no testicular graft; an ovarian fragment 

 was found in the normal position of the ovary, and near 

 this fragment a small body. The histological examination 

 of the ovary revealed interstitial cells and degenerating 

 follicles sometimes with a thick granulosa. As to the lateral 

 body the interpretation is a rather difhcult matter. There were 

 cords of cells mostly without any cavity, possibly originating 

 from the primary sexual cords. The adrenals were normal. 

 The explanation Pezard gives of these two cases is the following. 

 The ovarian quantity was very much reduced, but yet remained 

 above the minimum necessary for conditioning female plumage 



