880 



Index 



Oxygen consumption, season and, 240 

 sex and, 235 

 size and, 225 

 species and, 235 

 temperature and, 240 

 debt, 274 



deficiency. See Anaerobiosis. 

 diffusion as means of supply of, 211 

 diffusion constants of, 210 

 dissociation curve, 306 

 altitude and, 313 

 effect of carbon dioxide on, 311, 



313, 314, 315 

 effect of temperature changes on, 



312 

 in embryos, 313, 320 

 in relation to distribution of am- 

 phibians and fishes, 314 

 rates, 297, 298 

 exchange in vertebrates, 212. See also 



Respiration. 

 lack, adaptation to, 252 

 requirements of, energy conversion and, 



268 

 saturation, critical oxygen tension and, 



250 

 solubility in biological fluids, 210 

 storage in diving mammals, 259 

 supply, low, adaptation to, 252 

 tension, blood pigments and, 247 

 critical, 246 



size and age and, 250 

 tissue oxygen saturation and, 250 

 for half saturation, effect of CO2 on, 



315 

 minimum, pH and, 249 

 relation to oxygen consumption, 244- 



254 

 respiratory quotient and, 275 

 temperature and, 248, 317, 318, 319 

 transport by blood pigments, 306-329 

 by hemoglobin, 306 

 hemerythrins in, 325 

 in invertebrates, 320 

 utilization in anaerobiosis, 272 

 want, respiratory responses to, 265 

 withdrawal, 250 

 Oxyhemoglobin, absorption spectra of, 



298, 299 

 Oyster, respiratory control in, 263 



Pacemakers, cardiac, 545 



Pacinian corpuscles, adaptation in, 511 



Pain impulses, 513 



Palaemonetes, chromatophores in, 679 



color changes in, 697, 698 

 Paleocortex, 835 

 Pancreozymin, 762 

 Panting, 367 

 Pantothenic acid, 127 



Papillae, anal, in mosquito, 33, 34 



tongue, in man, 455 

 Para-aminobenzoic acid, 130 

 Parallax, 401 

 Paramecium, chemoreception in, 448 



cilium in, 642, 643 



contractile vacuole in, 44 



oxygen deficiency and, 253 



trichocysts in, 655 



vacuolar excretion of fluid in, 43 

 Paramyosin, 578 



Parasites, intestinal, osmoregulation in, 17 

 Parathyroid glands, effect on calcivmi and 



phosphate balance, 760 

 Particles, food, large, mechanisms for 

 dealing with, 146 

 small, mechanisms for dealing with, 

 145 

 Pattern vision, localized photoreceptors 



and, 387 

 Pecten, adductor muscle in, 604 



optic nerve fibers in, 431 

 Pectin, digestion of, 173 

 Pelecypoda, oxygen withdrawal by, 251 

 Pellagra, 127 

 Pepsm, 158 



distribution of, 165 

 Peptidase. See Exopeptidases. 

 Perception, depth and solidity, 401 



movement, 402 

 Perch, swim bladder in, 218, 220 

 Perilymph, 475 



Peripheral control of locomotion, 809 

 Peristalsis in annelids, 813 

 Periwinkle, reproductive cycle in, 752 

 PermeabiHty, in Protozoa, 39 



of erythrocytes, 109 



to water and salts, in rock crabs, 24 

 Peritricha, fresh-water, water uptake in, 

 44 



marine, osmoregulation in, 42 

 pH. See Hydrogen ion concentration. 

 Phaeommatin, 729 

 Phascolosoma, osmotic adjustment in, 11 



salt regulation in, 89 

 Phengodes, luminescence in, 664, 665 

 Phenylalanine, structural formula, 118 

 Pheretima posthuma, composition of body 



fluids, 37 

 Phonoreception, 471-501 



in amphibia, 487 



in arthropods, 492-499 



in birds, 490 



in fish, 484 



in insects, 492 



in mammals, 491 



in man, 473-483 



functional aspects, 477 



in reptiles, 489 



in vertebrates, 483 



