866 



Index 



Blood, transport by, 533 



types, 106 



vessels, pulsating, 545 



volume, 533 



values in various animals, 535 

 Body fluids. See Fluids, hody. 

 Body temperatures in hibernation, 372 

 in homoiotherms, 362 

 in poikilotherms, 349, 351, 353, 358 

 Bomhyx, developmental hormone in, 735 

 Boring mechanisms for feeding, 146 

 Bostrychidae, wood digestion in, 172 

 Bradycardia during diving, 260 

 Brain, functional evolution of, 828-841 



in invertebrates, 816 



in vertebrates, 829 

 Branchial tufts, 213, 214 

 Breathing. See Respiration. 

 Brightness discrimination, 415 



explanation of, 418 

 Brine shrimps, osmoregulation in, 32 

 B-substance in amphibian color changes, 

 704 



in color changes in fish, 709 

 Buffering in invertebrates, 333 



in lower vertebrates, 332 

 Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law, 406 

 Busycon, oxygen transport in, 328 



Calciferol, 132 



Calcium, absorption of, in postmolt in 

 crustaceans, 738 

 functions of, 97 

 in nerve transmission, 795 

 ions, effects on hearts, 564, 565 

 in sea water and body fluids, 78 

 in tissues and body fluids, 76 

 ratios of concentration, 82 

 Calocaris, brain in, 817 

 Calories produced by various foods, 237 

 Camharus, molting in, 738 



sinus gland in, 696 

 Canals, semicircular, 475, 517 

 Cancer pagurus, body fluids in, 91 



osmoregulation in, 24 

 Carassius, oxygen consumption in, 241 



spinal reflexes in, 824 

 Carbohydrases, specificity of, 170 

 Carbohydrates, conversion to fat, 269 

 digestion of, 168-176 



age and, 176 

 metabolism of, hormonal influences in, 



757 

 nature of, 168 

 oxygen consumption in utilization of, 



237 

 speed of utilization of, 237 

 utilization in Protozoa, 114, 115 

 Carbon requirements, 114-115 

 in Protozoa, 113, 114 



Carbon dioxide, combining power of, 329, 

 333 

 dissociation curve of, 329 

 effect on oxygen dissociation, 311, 



313, 314, 315 

 effect on respiratory center, 255 

 elimination of in anaerobiosis, 273 

 exchange in vertebrates, 212. See 



also Respiration. 

 increase in, respiratory responses to, 



265 

 tensions, 330 



tolerance in diving manmials, 260 

 transport of, 329-334 



in lower vertebrates, 332 

 reactions in mammalian blood, 331 

 Carbonic anhydrase, 331 



distribution, 333 

 Carbonyl-proteinases, 158 

 Carboxyhemoglobin, absorption spectra of, 



298, 299 

 Carboxypeptidases, 159, 167 

 Carcinus, blood ions in, 87, 89 

 muscle responses in, 594 

 osmoregulation in, 26 

 respiratory quotient in, 277 

 Cardiac cycle, 543. See also Heart. 

 Carnivores, digestive enzymes in, 178 

 Carotene, 131, 132 

 Carotenoids in vision, 408 

 Cat, muscle in, 589 



nictitating membrane in, 591 

 pacinian corpuscle in, 504 

 Catelectrotonus, 780 

 Caterpillars, phonoreception in, 498 

 Catfish, color changes in, 710 

 Cathepsin, distribution of, 163 

 Cathepsin I, 158 

 Cathepsin II, 159 

 Catocala, tympanal organs of, 494 

 Caudina, ionic regulation in, 89 

 osmotic adjustment in, 13 

 salts in body fluids in, 85 

 CBLH, 700 

 CDH, 700 

 CellCs), giant nerve, 786 



membrane, electrical phases of, 778 

 Cellular physiology, 1 

 Cellulase, distribution of, 171 

 Cellulose, digestion of, 169, 171 

 Central excitatory state, 803 



inhibitory state, 803 

 Centrostephanus longispinus, chromato- 



phores in, 689 

 Cephalic dominance in invertebrates, 816 

 Cephalopods, blood and oxygen capacity 

 in, 304 

 brain in, 820 

 chemoreception in, 450 

 chromatophores in, 678, 690 



