870 



Index 



Earthworm, brain in, 817 



calciferous glands in, 97 



chemoreception in, 450 



conditioned responses in, 844 



embryonic behavior in, 827 



epithelial sense organ of, 504 



giant fibers in, 787 



heart in, 545 



hemoglobin function in, 321 



nervous system in, 810 



nitrogen excretion in, 197 



osmoregulation in, 36 

 Echinochrome, 292, 293 

 Echinoderms, blood pressure in, 539, 542 



cholinergic systems in muscles in, 611, 

 613 



chromatophores in, 689 



exopeptidases in, 167 



ions in body fluids in, 82 



light sensitivity in, 382 



nitrogen excretion in, 193 



osmotic adjustment in, 14 



oxygen withdrawal by, 252 



peripheral nervous system in, 809 



pH of digestive organs, 1 52 



protein in blood in, 104 



proteinases of, 162 



respiratory papulae in, 213 



site of digestion in, 151 



uricolytic enzymes in, 203 

 Echinus esculentus, body fluids in, 91 

 Echiurids, respiratory pigments in, 294 

 Ecology, comparative physiology and, 3 

 Eel, electric, 617, 619 



electrocardiogram in, 553, 554 



melanophores in, 710 



osmoregulation in, 50 

 Eisenia, chemoreception in, 450 



embryonic behavior in, 827 

 Elasmobranchs, body fluids in, 5 1 



digestive secretion in, 157 



ions in body fluids in, 83 



kidney in, 48, 5 1 



luminescence in, 665 



nitrogen excretion in, 197 



osmoregulation in, 50 



spinal reflexes in, 823 



temperature receptors in, 350 

 Electric organs, 617-621 

 Electrical activity of optic nerve, 428-435 

 of photoreceptors, 420 

 diurnal rhythms in, 427 

 Electrical potential. See Potential. 

 Electrical stimulation of heart muscle, 565 

 Electrocardiogram, 553 

 Electroencephalogram, 806, 807 

 Electrophoresis, protein separation by, 103 

 Electrophorus, electric organs of, 617, 619 

 Electroplaxes, 617 

 Electroretinogram, 422 



Eledone, giant fibers in, 789 

 Elements essential for growth, 94 



trace, 94 

 Embryos, behavior of, 827 

 hemoglobin in, 313, 320 

 oxygen consumption in, 230 

 Etnplectonema kandai, luminescence in, 



663 

 End-plate potential, 588 

 Endocrine glands, temperature regulation 



and, 369 

 Endocrine mechanisms, 725-775 

 general considerations, 767 

 Endocrine tissues, evolution of, 769 

 Endolymph, 475 

 Endoparasites, anaerobiosis in, 273 



dietary factors of, 135 

 Endopeptidases, 158 



Energy conversion, oxygen requirements 

 and, 268 

 sources of, 112 

 Enterocrinin, 156 

 Enterogastrone, 763 

 Environment, organism and, 2 

 Enzymes, 150, 151 



digestive, correlation with food habits, 



178 

 in carbohydrate digestion, 168-176 

 lipolytic, 176 



of protein degradation products, 201 

 proteolytic. See Proteases. 

 uricolytic, distribution of, 203 

 Ephemeridae, gills in, 215 



oxygen consumption in, 239, 245 

 Ephestia, linoleic acid deficiency in, 133, 



134 

 Epinephrine. See Adrenalin. 

 Equilenin, 745 



Equilibrium, nervous control of, 831 

 Equilibrium orientation in vertebrates, 520 

 Equilibrium reception, 514-527 

 Equilibrium receptors, types of, 514 

 Equilin, 745 



Eriocheir, blood chloride in, 88 

 osmoregulation in, 28 

 salts in body fluids in, 85 

 Erythrinus, respiration in, 256, 257 

 Erythrocruorin. See Hemoglohin. 

 Erythrocytes, composition of, 294 

 numbers of, 293, 295 

 permeability of, 109 

 size of, 293, 295 

 Erythrommatin, 729 

 Erythrophores, 681 



control of in fish, 711 

 Escrine, 558, 559 



eff'ect on nervous systems, 794 

 neuromuscular transmission and, 613 

 Esophagus, 147 

 Estivation, 371 



