Phonoreception 



485 



spond either to the buzzer or to a 128 cycle tuning fork. The blenny, how- 

 ever, responds to neither. Stetter'*'' demonstrated that minnows, golden orfe, 

 goldfish, barbels, miller's thumbs, and catfish respond to high notes, the min- 

 now to frequencies as high as 4000 cycles, and the catfish to frequencies 

 as high as 13,000. With use of the conditioned response method, it was found 

 that two frequencies about an octave apart could be remembered and distin- 

 guished, and the best fish learned even to discriminate a minor third. Some 



LATERAL 



t /i^ 



Ampulla of horizontal 

 semicircular canal 



Utriculus 



MEDIAL 



Nerve 



Utriculus^; .feT^ Sensory epithelium 



iM 



m\ .-\'f -Peripheral hairs 



^/' ('• / 

 Socculus ,/' 



Nerve 



LATERAL 



Sensory epithelium 



Peripheral hairs 



B 



LATERAL 



Lagena 



Sensory epithelium 

 Nerve 



VM MEDIAL 



Socculus 



Fig. 162. Sections of labyrinth of the trout. A, Cross sections through the utriculus. 

 B, Cross section through the sacculus. C, Cross section through the lagena. The statoliths 

 are black. From von Frisch." 



fish were able to remember as many as five tones. In goldfish Manning-^ 

 showed that removal of saccule and lagena reduced the upper limit of response 

 from 2752 to 688 cycles and that additional removal of the utriculus reduced 

 the upper limit to 344 cycles. Stipetic^^ demonstrated that the fresh-water fish 

 Gnathonsemus were sensitive to frequencies of as high as 370 or 392 cycles 

 and could discriminate between intervals of a minor third (frequency ratios 

 of 1.2 to 1.0). 



