36 CHARLES E. STOCK ARD 



head of the bulldog through mutation is keenly correct, while 

 lack of exercise as the causative agent in the production of 

 the lap dog is highly improbable. Lack of exercise in the 

 Asiatic chow dog could scarcely be imagined as the basic 

 factor in the origin of the Pekingese, one of the oldest of 

 the lap dogs. The Pekingese is just as probably the product 

 of mutation as is the turnspit or the bulldog, and this is 

 equally true for the Pomeranian lap dog. 



At an early date in England, when greyhounds were used 

 for hunting large game, they were supposed to have been 

 crossed with a mastiff or bulldog to improve their courage. 

 Youatt ("The Dog" 1845) claims that after the sixth or 

 seventh generation not a vestige was left of the form of the 

 bulldog, but his courage and indomitable perseverance re- 

 mained. Such a statement is, of course, open to very great 

 doubt. At an early date the English setter was probably 

 crossed with the pointer, while the pure Irish setter shows 

 no signs of such a cross. The bulldog seems to have originated 

 from the mastiff and it is highly probable that it existed as 

 the bulldog before 1630 though then of much larger size than 

 the modern breed. We shall find much evidence to indicate 

 that careful selection of numerous mutations was necessary 

 in the development of the present day bulldog, while the 

 ancient turnspit and the more recent dachshund and basset- 

 hound were readily established by selection of only a single 

 mutation in so far as their most characteristic feature, the 

 short achondroplasic leg condition, is concerned. Pointers 

 are descended from a Spanish breed but were known in Eng- 

 land before 1688. The Newfoundland dog was certainly 

 brought into England from that country, but has been so 

 modified that it does not now resemble any existing native 

 dog in Newfoundland. This dog probably originated from 

 a cross between the huskie and a large French hound. 



Wide crosses between dog breeds have been made from 

 time to time with ideas of strengthening or modifying the 

 stock and for study of color and hunting ability, but before 

 the present study was begun none had been made from the 



