638 W. T. JAMES 



hound and Gorman shepherd types. Thus the bulldog is a 

 mixed type in regard to physical characters, glandular factors, 

 and behavior characteristics. 



The mixed nature of the bulldog was further emphasized 

 by crossing this animal with the stable and inactive basset- 

 hound. The offspring from this cross are rather well balanced 

 hybrids, all of which are similar in physical form, witli short 

 legs, a long straight tail, and round stocky body; all also 

 show a slight undershot condition of the mandible. Behavior- 

 ally, these dogs belong to the inactive group but are better 

 balanced and capable of making a wider variety of adjust- 

 ments than the bassethound. 



Among the F 2 s of this cross, however, many types of 

 physique and behavior occur. The bulldog characters are 

 dominant in most of the F.s. The variations for the group 

 are much wider than those found among the bassethound- 

 shepherd hybrids since there are modifications not only in 

 bodily form, but in the head and tail. There is apparently 

 no linkage between the abnormal head condition and the 

 screw tail, nor even the bodily shape, since all three characters 

 vary in these hybrids. The heightened excitable nature of 

 the bulldog in motor situations is shown by all the F 2 s with 

 abnormal head, long legs, and screw tail. Some of these 

 are untrainable, and on autopsy all these untrainables have 

 an extreme internal hydrocephalus. This would seem to in- 

 dicate that there is a linkage between the factors determining 

 form, behavior and glands, since the greatest divergence from 

 normal is among those animals having the most extreme 

 abnormal physical forms. 



Xo further facts regarding the effect of crossing opposite 

 physical types were brought out by a study of dogs whose 

 inheritance involved more than two breeds. For example, 

 when the bnlldog-bassethound F, was crossed with the basset- 

 hound-shepherd F x , the hybrids showed the same behavioral 

 variations as were found among the bnlldog-bassethound and 

 basset hound-shepherd F2S. The only factor of any importance 

 was the wider variations shown bv the members of such 



