274 CHARLES R. STOCKARD AND A. L. JOHXSOX 



stand out conspicuously (fig. 1). From the dorsal aspect (fig. 

 3) the bulldog skull presents a widened cranium with smooth 

 flattened top, an exaggerated lateral curve of the wide zygo- 

 matic arch and an extreme reduction in forward extent of 

 the facial skeleton. All these characteristics are in striking 

 contrast with the comparable features of the German shepherd 

 skull. The ventral surface of the bulldog skull (fig. 5) shows 

 witli equal emphasis the wide spread of the anterior dental 

 region, the tightly contracted premolar region and the marked 

 angle at the junction between the premolar and molar teeth. 

 Also shown is the flat and convex rather than concave oral 

 surface of the bulldog bony palate ; the very short basicranium ; 

 and a persistent ventral foramen, not always present, which 

 permits a membranous connection between the epithelium 

 of the pharynx and the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. 



Figures 7 and 8 in plate 50 show two views of the extremely 

 modified skull of a midget dog, the Brussels griffon. The 

 griffon is one of the smallest of the dog breeds and has a 

 head and face far more reminiscent of a small, flat-faced 

 monkey than of a dog. The cranium is almost spherical and 

 the facial skeleton makes up but a small fraction of the 

 total skull, a reverse condition to that usually found in the 

 dog. The chondrodystrophy of the basicranium in the Brus- 

 sels griffon contrasts in a striking manner with the long- 

 muzzled midget Pomeranian poodle. The griffon skull has 

 a rounded, protruding forehead; little depth of orbit; and 

 an extreme reduction in the jaws, affecting not only the 

 maxilla, as in the typical bulldog, but the mandible as well. 

 This pattern, although tending toward bull type, is in many 

 features far more divergent from the standard than is that 



PLATE 50 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 



Comparison of the normal, long skull of the German shepherd with the deformed 

 English bulldog skull and the still more divergent skull of the Brussels griffon. 

 1,3 and 5 English bulldog 1233^. 

 2, 4 and 6 German shepherd 714$. 

 7 and 8 Brussels griffon. 



