42 MEDICAL BOTANY. 
JUGLANS CINEREA. 
LINNAUS. 
BUTTERNUT. 
JueLans CatTuartica.—Michauz. 
Sex. Syst.—Moneecia, Polyandria. 
Gen. Cuar.—Moneecious. Sterile flowers, ament, imbricate, scales mostly five-parted. Perianth five to six- 
parted. Stamens eighteen to thirty-six. Fertile flowers. Perianth double, each four-parted. Styles one or two. 
Drupe partly spongy. Nut rugose and irregularly furrowed. 
Specir. Cuar.—Leaves pinnate ; leaflets numerous, lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, soft, pubescent be- 
neath. Petioles villous. Fruit oblong ovate, with a terminal projection, viscid and hairy, en a long peduncle, not 
oblong, acuminate, conspicuously sculptured. (Beck. Bot. of North and Mid. States.) 
_ The common names by which the plant is known are White Walnut and Butternut. In some situations, it is a 
large tree with numerous branches and smooth cinereous bark. It abounds in Canada and the northern and middle 
sections of the United States, in rich bottoms and along streams. It flowers in May, and ripensits fruit in September 
and October. The fruit by age becomes rancid and unpleasant. It abounds in oil. arly in the spring, if the bark 
be pierced, there exudes from it a saccharine juice. 
The inner bark, when first separated from the tree, is of a pure white colour, but soon begins to change, and by 
the time it becomes dry, is of a deep brown colour. It comes into market in pieces which have a fibrous fracture. If 
the epidermis has not been removed, they are smooth externally. The inner bark is the portion used. The bark of 
the root is regarded as most active. When in the fresh state, a rubefacient effect is said to be made by applying it to 
the skin. The period for collecting it isin May. The odour is feeble, but aromatic, and the taste bitter and pungent. 
Mr. S. Wetherill found in this bark fixed oil, resin, saccharine matter, a peculiar principle, extractive, and tannin, 
with salts of the alkalies. 3 wee ; 
The extract prepared from the bark above noticed, is mildly purgative, and as such is used by practitioners; 1t 
may also be used in decoction. 
Pirate LXXXVI.—Represents the plant in leaf, the flowers and the fruit. 
* 
CONIFER A. 
JUSSIEU. 
THE FIR TRIBE. 
Conace& or Pinacem.—Lindley. e 
EssentiaAL Cuar.—Flowers moncecious, or dicecious. Males monandrous or monadelphous, each floret consisting 
of a single stamen, or of a few united, collected in a deciduous omentum, about a common radius. Anthers two-lobed, 
or many-lobed, bursting outwardly, often terminated by a crest, which is an unconverted portion of the scale, out 0 
which each stamen is formed. Pollen large, usually compound. Females in cones. Ovary spread open, and having 
the appearance of a flat scale, destitute of style or stigma, and arising from the axil of a membranous bract. a 
naked, in pairs on the face of the ovary, having an inverted position, and consisting of one or two membranes, Tia 
the apex, and of a nucleus. Fruit consisting of a cone, formed of the scale-shaped ovaries, become enlarg aa 
indurated, and occasionally of the bracts also, which are sometimes obliterated, and sometimes extend bey : had 
scales in the form of a lobed appendage. Seed with a hard crustaceous integument. Embryo in the midst of y 
. i ic 
oily albumen, with two or more opposite cotyledons; the radicle next the apex of the seed, and having an en 
-connection with the albumen. (Lindley.) 
