i: ° PINUS AUSTRALIS. 43 
The plants belonging to this order are shrubs or trees, sometimes of gigantic growth, and immense age, as marked 
by the concentric woody rings in the trunk. The leaves are linear, fasciculated. They abound in northern and high 
situations; but are found in other portions of the world. They owe their medical properties to a volatile oil, which 
is stimulating, diuretic and narcotic. 
PINUS AUSTRALIS. 
MICHAUX. 
LONG LEAVED PINE. 
Pinus Patustris.— Wildenow. 
Sex. Syst.—Moneecia, Monadelphia. 
Gen. Cuar.—Flowers moncecious. Male. Catkins solitary or stalked. Stamens numerous, inserted on an 
axis. laments very short. Anthers two-celled, terminated by a crest, or scale-like connective; the cells bursting 
longitudinally or irregularly in a transverse direction. Female. Catkins solitary or clustered. Scales imbricated, 
usually subtended by an adnate scale. Ovules two, at the base of the scales, collateral, inverted, their points lacerated 
and directed downwards. Cone consisting of hard, woody, truncated scales, excavated at the base for the reception of 
the seeds. Seeds extended at the base into a membranous wing. Leaves evergreen, in fascicles, surrounded at the 
base by a membranous tubular sheath. (Lindley.) : 
Specir. Cuar.—A large sized tree, from 60 to 70 feet high, and a foot to two in diameter. The bark of the trunk 
is rough and furrowed. The leaves are about a foot long, of a beautiful green colour, united to the number of three 
in the same sheath, and collected in bunches at the extremity of the branches. The male flowers form masses of 
divergent violet-coloured aments about two inches long. The cones are very large, seven or eight inches long, and 
four inches thick, when open. (Michauz.) 
It flowers in April, and the cones are matured in October. 
It is found in the southern portion of Virginia, and thence to Florida along the coast, in dry sandy and sterile 
soil, called Pine barrens. The wood is hard, durable, of a red colour, and abundantly supplied with resinous matter. 
In the south, it is much used in building, and is most esteemed of the pines in ship building. 
From this plant is obtained turpentine. It is officinal under the name white turpentine. The product is the sap 
of the tree, obtained by making incisions into its trunk. “It begins to distil about the middle of March, when the 
circulation commences, and flows with increasing abundance as the weather becomes warmer, so that July and August 
are the most productive months. When the circulation is slackened by the chills of autumn, the operation is discon- 
tinued.” (Michauz.) This operation is performed by making Jozes, as they are termed, or cavities in the base of each 
tree of the capacity of three pints, generally, however, proportioned to the size of the trunk. These are so shaped — 
as to conduct into them the juices which exude from the wounded surfaces, and sometimes several are made on dif- 
ferent sides; that facing the south is preferred. As the turpentine collects in them, it is removed by means of a 
wooden shovel into pails, which again are emptied into casks. By renewing the surface, a larger quantity can be 
collected. The boxes fill every three weeks. The turpentine thus collected is the best, and is called the pure dip- 
ping. That which becomes solid upon entering the sides of the boxes, is called the scraping. 
i: e consistence of white turpentine varies with the temperature. In summer, it is semifluid ; in winter, it is 
of te ard, and brittle. It has a white colour, bordering on yellow, with some translucency. Its odour is that of oil 
— its taste pungent and bitterish. It yields 17 per cent. of oil. : 
Pocie ‘arge quantities are furnished to the Northern States, and to Europe. It is a staple of N orth Carolina. In 
itis known as Boston Turpentine, because it was shipped first from that city. 
The oil of turpentine is procured from this article by distillation, and tar, by combustion. 
Plate UXXXVII.—Represents a cluster of the leaves, the male flower and the cone. 
