ORDER LEPIDOPTERA 63 



Of all the species that leave the mine as young larvae, 

 those of but one genus, namely Bucculatrix, feed openly 

 and quite without shelter of any kind. Danger of evapora- 

 tion is probably very real for small larvae, and in these the 

 shaggreening of the body surface is doubtless a compensatory 

 adaptation. At the time of moulting even these spread 

 silken nets for cover ("moulting cocoons"), and emerge 

 again to feed when their new cuticles are a little hardened. 



Of those miners that leave the mines only when they are 

 fully grown some, as Nepticula, Coriscium, Phthorimaea, 

 Cemiostoma and others, make a hole in the cuticle and slip 

 through it as naked larvae. They seek out safe places in 

 crevices of bark or among the debris on the ground and spin 

 their cocoons. 



Some few miners as Aphelosetia and Bedellia, for example, 

 pupate just at the door of their mines attached to their 

 host plant by a very few strands of silk without any par- 

 ticular protection or covering, as naked, pupae. 



There are other miners which do all their feeding within 

 the leaf and then carry away a bit of the mine in the form of a 

 case. This case is made like that of the case-bearing Coleo- 

 phoras, but in Antispila, Coptodisca, Heliozela, and the 

 European genus Phylloporia the case is used only as a 

 pupation cell and not for feeding. Cycloplasis has evolved 

 a slightly different method of making a pupating case from 

 leaf cuticle. This it does by cutting out a larger circular 

 disc from one cuticle only, and then folding this disc along 

 a diameter and sewing one semi-circular edge to the other 

 one to make a half moon shaped case. These fall to the 

 ground with the larva inside, and here pupation takes place. 



There remains the consideration of such miners as feed 

 and pupate without leaving the leaf. Phyllocnistis pupates 

 in a bit of a "nidus," a silk-lined pocket but little wider 

 than its linear mine and usually at the edge of the leaf. 

 Tischeria pupates in the mine, some species lying free on 



